LAB 2: OSMOSIS, OSMOTIC PRESSUE, AND HEMOLYSIS
Dierdra Renfroe
Biology 340-002
Lab Partners: Ale Sanchez, Luke Brown, and Abby Fox
September 15, 2016
INTRODUCTION
Erythrocytes, or what are commonly known as red blood cells (RBC) within our bodies are constantly being faced with a changing environment. Tonicity is referred to as the concentration of solutes, permeable and nonpermeable, as well as the concentration of water both influencing the water that will come and goe through the RBC, and the surrounding fluid of the RBC (Sherwood, 2013). Osmosis on the other hand is known as the movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration and this will happen across a cell’s membrane until it reaches a state where it is isotonic.
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In the first experiment we measured the amount of maximum absorbance of the RBC’s that were lysed and due to blood being red we expect to see a absorbance peak for the hemoglobin at around 540nm, but it could range between 500nm to the 550’s. We hypothesized that the solutions that contained minute NaCl (0.09,0.18,0.27,0.36,0.45,0.54,0.63, and 0.72% NaCl solutions) should have hemolysis readily occuring, and that it should also only occur slightly in solutions with higher concentrations of NaCl (like .81 and .9% NaCl solutions) because of the presence of the hypotonic solutions. We also hypothesized that hemolysis of cells would occur more quickly in the 0.9% NaCl plus one drop of saturated soap solution and that in the 0.9 NaCl (standard) solution there would be no hemolysis because it aids in the production of a isotonic environment. We also hypothesized that hemolysis of the 0.3 M ethylene glycol solution would be quick and 0.3 M glycerol and 0.3M glucose solutions would occur much more slowly based on their structure and hydroxyl
When the cell has all the water it can take inside of it the osmosis
Considering the fact that Marc has both been sweating and drinking minimal amounts of water, Marc is now dehydrated. This means he has less than the required amount of water for his body to complete the processes necessary to maintain its health. As stated in the question, the process of sweating causes the loss of more water than solutes. This means that as the level of water decreases, the level of solute concentration will increase, creating a change in the water to solute ratio.
Fluid from the intravascular space shifts into the interstitial space surrounding the cells. This shift is caused by increased hydrostatic pressure within capillaries as the result of reduced liver function blocking blood flow. Increased capillary permeability from inflammation pushes albumin into the interstitial space, increasing interstitial osmotic pressure and deceasing capillary osmotic pressure. Due to decreased liver function, albumin is not longer readily made decreasing its presence in body. Without albumin, osmotic pressure will remain decreased within the plasma. As the body compensates for this loss of water and increased sodium in the intravascular space hypertonic alterations pull water from the intracellular fluid causing
This essay will explain the hormone Erythropoietin, its effects and its role in the professional sporting industry. Explaining what Erythropoietin is, the process Erythropoiesis, its role in the body, its side effects vs. benefits and its role in modern sport will form the basis of this essay. By the conclusion of this essay my point of view will be that naturally occurring Erythropoietin is integral to homeostasis and synthetic Erythropoietin should only be used for specific medical conditions rather than as a performance enhancer in professional sport.
In osmosis, water can travel in three different ways. If the molecules outside the cell are lower than the concentration in the cytosol, the solution is said to be hypotonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses into the cell until equilibrium is established. If the molecules outside the cell are higher than the concentration in the cytosol, the solution is said to be hypertonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses out of the cell until equilibrium exists. If the molecules outside and inside the cell are equal, the solution is said to be isotonic to the cytosol, in this process, water diffuses into and out of the cell at equal rates, causing no net movement of water. In osmosis the cell is selectively permeable, meaning that it only allows certain substances to be transferred into and out of the cell.
On a cellular level, Mrs. Jones’ cells are dehydrated due to osmotic pressure changes related to her high blood glucose. Cells dehydrate when poor cellular diffusion of glucose causes increased concentrations of glucose outside of the cell and lesser concentrations inside of the cell. Diffusion refers to the movement of particles from one gradient to another. In simple diffusion there is a stabilization of unequal of particles on either side of a permeable membrane through which the particles move freely to equalize the particles on both sides. The more complex facilitated diffusion is a passive transport of large particles from a high concentration of particles to a lower concentration of particles with the aid of a transport protein (Porth, 2011). The cellular membranes in our bodies are semipermeable allowing for smaller molecules to flow freely from the intracellular to extracellular space. The glucose molecule, however; is too large to diffuse through the cellul...
Dialysis tubing is made from regenerated cellulose or cellophane, and is used in clinical circumstances to ensure that molecule have a filtered flow, and that larger solute molecules do not enter the dialysis tubing (Alberts, 2002). Like a cell membrane, dialysis tubing has a semi-permeable membrane, which allows small molecule to permeate through the membrane. Thus, the dialysis tubing mimics the diffusion and osmosis processes of the cell membrane (Alberts, 2002). Although the dialysis tubing has a semi-permeable membrane, which mimics a cell, its structure is different. The me...
-The cells in the body will increase because osmosis causes molecules to move from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution.
Most cell membranes are like that, being permeable to water and some solutes only. Osmosis is therefore the diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane. The basic principles of diffusion apply here.
absorb the water that they need and also pass it on from one cell to
In this experiment, we determined the isotonic and hemolytic molar concentrations of non-penetrating moles for sheep red blood cells and measured the absorbance levels from each concentration. The results concluded that as the concentration increased the absorbance reading increased as well. A higher absorbance signifies higher amounts of intact RBCs. The isotonic molar concentration for NaCl and glucose is 0.3 M. The hemolysis molar concentration for NaCl and glucose is 0.05 M. Adding red blood cells to an isotonic solution, there will be no isotonic pressure and no net movement. The isotonic solution leaves the red blood cells intact. RBC contain hemoglobin which absorbs light, hemoglobin falls to the bottom of the tube and no light is absorbed. Determining the isotonic concentration of NaCl and glucose by finding the lowest molar concentration. In contrast to isotonic molar concentration, hemolysis can be determined by finding the
Activity 3: Investigating Osmosis and Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes. In this activity, through the use of dialysis sacs and varying concentrations of solutions, the movement of water and solutes will be observed through a semipermeable membrane. The gradients at which the solutes NaCl and glucose diffuse is unproportional to any other molecule, therefore they will proceed down their own gradients. However, the same is not true for water, whose concentration gradient is affected by solute ...
π is equal to the osmotic pressure, V is equal to the cell volume and B is the intracellular solids (Hall). Ponder’s R value is the ratio of intracellular solvent volume to the water in its environment; R=(Vi -b)/W. These two equations are related because Ponder’s R value is a measure of how much of an osmometer a cell is while the van’t Hoff relation shows what the osmotic pressure is, both inside and outside the cell. Overall cell membrane permeability can be measured by Ponder’s R value while the osmotic pressure differentials between the external environment and the internal environment are seen with the van’t Hoff relation (Hall). Cells evolved to become great osmometers, but not perfect osmometers, in order to provide a way for solutes to move along permeable membranes. The van’t Hoff relation permits organisms to live in environments of varying osmolarity because regulating solute concentration within a cell can increase or decrease the cell’s affinity for osmosis (Darnell et al). Ponder’s R value, on the other hand, shows how a cell can never become a perfect osmometer. If a cell could become a perfect osmometer, it could cause cell lysis or shrinkage of the cell (Hall). The avoidance of perfect osmometry can be seen within the human erythrocyte as a small portion of cell water will not take part in an osmotic exchange due to tonicity within its
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a dilute solution (has a High Water Potential) to a more concentrated. solution (has a Low Water Potential) through a selectively permeable. membrane in order to achieve equilibrium. A membrane that allows water. to pass through, but not solute molecules.
The Cell, the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa, others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle cells, are specialized components of multicellular organisms. In another words, without cells we wouldn’t be able to live or function correctly. There are Animal Cells and Plant Cells. In Biology class the other day we studied the Animal Cell. We were split into groups of our own and we each picked a different animal cell slide to observe. My group chose the slide,'; Smeared Frog Blood ';.