Positive reinforcement works by presenting something positive to the person after a desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future (McAdams, 2009). An example of this could be when a child helps their mother with the dishes and the mothers rewards the child with ice cream. Negative reinforcement, is when a behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus (McAdams, 2009). An example of this could be when the light goes green at a traffic light, the car in front of a person does not move. The person hates when this happens and from experience knows that honking the car’s horn gets cars that are in front of them to go
Harold’s persistent “suicides” can be
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Two of them can be seen specifically in Harold, identity vs. role confusion and intimacy vs. isolation. Identity vs. role confusion is the psychosocial stage of development that Erikson said that adolescents go through. Identity in this stage of development is usually seen when adolescent define who they are and figure out what they value and direction in life. This can also be seen in personal relationships, sexual orientation, and ideals in adolescents (McAdams, 2009). Role confusion can be seen if an adolescent has lack of direction and definition of self or they seem unprepared for adulthood (McAdams, 2009). Harold can be seen to have role confusion throughout the movie. Harold does not seem to have a specific direction that he wants to take his life, other than faking suicides and attending strangers funerals. Harold seems extremely unprepared for adulthood, he shows no signs of looking for a job or a way to make money, he still acts rather childish, as his mother puts it. The only real self definition that Harold that could be seen as identity, is that he is preoccupied with …show more content…
despair is the psychosocial stage of development that can be seen from ages 65 to death. Ego integrity is when an adult feels a sense of fulfillment about life and accepts death as an unavoidable reality. Despair is when individuals who do not have the feeling of fulfillment and completeness. They often will despair and fear death (McAdams, 2009). Maude fits into the ego integrity part of this stage. Maude knows who she is and has enjoyed her life to the fullest. She feels fulfilled by the way she lives her life and she literally welcomes death with open arms. On Maude’s 80th birthday, she takes an overdose of pills to end her life because she does not want to live life as an old
In second grade I was apart of a wild classroom. Their was a lot of chaos from all the young children. My teacher struggled to get everyone on task and to complete our work. After some time my teacher decided to make up a reward system (positive reinforcement). The children in the classroom were able to earn tickets for doing their homework, being respectful, and many other things. We were able to save these tickets and cash them in on fridays for treats, toys, or even sometimes extra recess. The teacher had a separate system for when we misbehaved. There were 3 colors you could earn everyday. If you weren’t on task, out of your seat, or just being disruptive she would change your color from green to yellow. If it happened again you got a red card and lost your tickets you earned for that day. This is a perfect example of positive punishment. It gave each child an opportunity to earn tickets for good behavior, and a warning system with the cards that possibly would lead to losing your earned tickets. Our teacher was using operant conditioning to produce a change in our
We are born into this world with the realization that life is hard and that life is like a box of chocolates and it is hard to take it at face value. The majority of our time is spent trying to answer an endless stream of questions only to find the answers to be a complex path of even more questions. This film tells the story of Harold, a twenty year old lost in life and haunted by answerless questions. Harold is infatuated with death until he meets a good role model in Maude, an eighty year old woman that is obsessed with life and its avails. However, Maude does not answer all of Harold’s questions but she leads him to realize that there is a light at the end of everyone’s tunnel if you pursue it to utmost extremes by being whatever you want to be. Nevertheless, they are a highly unlikely match but they obviously help each other in many ways in the film.
Positive punishment again adds to the factor influencing the behavior, but this time it is meant to decrease the number of times the behavior occurs (King, 2016). An example of positive punishment is yelling at a puppy for peeing on the carpet. The positive punishment in this situation is the addition of yelling at the puppy, resulting in a decrease of the puppy’s peeing behavior. Negative punishment is the taking away of a certain aspect from the factor influencing the behavior to decrease how often a behavior occurs (King, 2016). An example of negative punishment would be taking away bathroom privileges from students who use the bathroom as an excuse to wander around the school. This shows a privilege is being taken away (negative punishment) to decrease the behavior of skipping
Erik Erikson developed eight psychosocial stages that occur through life. These stages help parents of younger children understand what the child is thinking and why they are acting the way that they do. For a person to become a well-rounded adult they need to succeed in each level. This essay will discuss the first six stages into young adulthood.
Reinforcement is the outcome or influence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior. Regarding the roommate’s behavioral modification program, there will be a positive and negative reinforcement utilized. Negative reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of behavior, and positive reinforcement is the addition of stimuli that also strengthens the probability of behavior. Because the roommate is trying to lose weight with the removal of unhealthy food and addition of healthy food, the positive reinforcement will be unhealthy food, and the negative reinforcement will be the healthy
If a behavior is desirable, consequences called reinforcers are used to encourage the behavior in the future, via the process of reinforcement. Reinforcement can be positive (presenting reinforcing stimulus) or negative (removing a negative stimulus). However, if a behavior is undesired, a negative consequence can be used to discourage the behavior, through the process of either positive or negative punishment. In positive punishment, a negative consequence is presented after the undesired behavior occurs. When negative punishment it used the idea is the same “to discourage future display of undesired behavior,” but instead of presenting a negative stimulus, a desired stimulus is removed following the behavior.
Role Confusion is the main stage that can be observed. Identity vs. Role confusion takes place from around 12 to 18. The four boys in this movie are all around 18 or so and are trying to figure out where to go from high school. Ego identity is one’s self-image, it integrates our ideas of what we are and what we would like to be whereas the identity confusion is looked at as failure to bring together previous developments into a consistent self-image. This confusion often results in feelings of worthlessness. Out of this stage of Erikson’s theory comes the virtue of fidelity, or the, “faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief, demonstrated by continuing loyalty and support” (Dictionary).
According to Denborough,(2014) “Everyone has the right to have their life understood in the context of their relationships with others” pg.9). By being accepted, cared for and loved by Maude, Harold was able to send the hearse to its final resting place, move past his hurt and gain a better self-image in the process. Denborough (2014) discusses another theme central to narrative theory: legacy. Maude’s legacy was the appreciation of life, and living to the fullest extent. She stressed and not letting others mold you into what they want you to be. An excerpt from the movie clues viewers into Maude’s existential
Out of positive reinforcement and punishment only the reinforcement was successful for my behaviour modification. I believe this was the case for a number of reasons but dominantly because the positive punishment had a lack of severity. The reason I came to this conclusion was because I realized in the case of positive reinforcement if I committed the operant response at least once my entire day of hard work would be ruined. When I made the switch to positive punishment I realized in the eventuality I performed the operant response I could just do the 50 push ups and be done with it. Upon comparison of my success and failure I reflected and realized if the punishment was more severe than 50 push ups I would not do it for actual fear and reluctance of doing the positive punishment. For example if the punishment was a 1000 push ups each repeated operant response I would most likely not bite my nails. I did enjoy the modified behaviour as my nails seemed fuller and less scarred but it was not long of an experiment enough so refraining from biting my nails was still a conscious action and took a lot of effort.
He named this stage of development, identity vs. role confusion. At this age children explore their individuality and independence. They develop a sense of who they are and where they belong. Those adolescents who are given proper encouragement and reinforcements at this stage of development, will develop a sturdy sense of identity and also a feeling of individuality. Those adolescents who continue to be uncertain of themselves and their wishes will feel unconfident and uncertain about themselves and their future. Adolescents who complete this stage successfully will lead to a strong dependability, which Erikson defined as being capable to live by the world standards and
Positive reinforcement is a method of presenting to children the appropriate behavior from the inappropriate behaviors. This is done by pointing out the correct behavior and giving some form of encouraging reward. The idea is that all behaviors
In operant conditioning, there is an association between an individual’s behavior and its consequence. A consequence can either be reinforcement or punishment (233). Positive and negative reinforcements will increase the behavior. When an individual is reinforced, they will continue to repeat the behavior to receive the reinforcement again. Punishment, on the other hand, will decrease the behavior. If an individual is punished after a particular behavior, they will behave that way less often to avoid the punishment.
First of all, I was highly interested in the concept and various factors that together make up positive reinforcement. I had a premise that I could do some experimental work on the three children for whom I baby-sit during the week after school. They leave school full of energy and it is my job to get them to complete a series of tasks before the end of the evening. I imagined that some positive reinforcement might get them on their way to handling their responsibilities in a timelier manner. My first step was to come up with a specific instrumental response that would produce reinforcement. This took no time at all because by far the most painfully difficult thing for me to do is get the children to sit down and do their homework. I then spoke specifically to each child and asked them what they would rather choose as an after school activity. They named video games, television, and going to play with other neighborhood children. I had expected these types of answers from the children and made them into the positive reinforcers that would be contingent on the children’s performance of the instrumental response; namely completing their homework. I explained to the children that if they behaved and finished their homework, then directly following they could spend an hour doing an activity of their choice.
Reinforcement is a motivation which depends upon a performance and increases the chance of a performance being frequent. Positive reinforcement can increase the chance of not only necessary behavior but also unwanted behavior. For example, if a student complaints in order to get attention and is successful in getting it, the attention helps as positive reinforcement which increases the possibility that the student will remain to complain. Positive reinforcement is one of the important ideas in behavior inquiry and it is something like rewards, or things usually work to get (Fahimafridi, 2016).
In general, a stimulus is that evokes a physiological response in an organism. In terms of this theory the stimuli are certain external events that will alter or change the behavior of a person. Rewarding stimuli are connected with ones wants, likes and the need of satisfaction. This acts as a positive reinforcer. However reinforcement only occurs if there is a significant change in one’s behavior. A stimulus can cause either a positive reinforcement or a negative one. Positive reinforcer can be some stimuli event for which one works in order that they may gain it.