Epiglottitis Epiglottitis is an inflammation of the epiglottis — the flap at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the trachea . Due to its place in the airway, swelling of this structure can interfere with breathing, and constitutes a medical emergency. Infection can cause the epiglottis to obstruct or completely close off the windpipe. With the advent of the Hib vaccine, the incidence of epiglottitis has decreased, but the condition has not been eliminated. A hospital stay is needed, usually in the intensive care unit (ICU). Treatment involves methods to help the person breathe, including: ⦁ Breathing tube (intubation) ⦁ Moistened (humidified) oxygen Other treatments may include: ⦁ Antibiotics to treat the infection
My disease is Streptococcal pneumonia or pneumonia is caused by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is present in human’s normal flora, which normally doesn’t cause any problems or diseases. Sometimes though when the numbers get too low it can cause diseases or upper respiratory tract problems or infections (Todar, 2008-2012). Pneumonia caused by this pathogen has four stages. The first one is where the lungs fill with fluid. The second stage causes neutrophils and red blood cells to come to the area which are attracted by the pathogen. The third stage has the neutrophils stuffed into the alveoli in the lungs causing little bacteria to be left over. The fourth stage of this disease the remaining residue in the lungs are take out by the macrophages. Aside from these steps pneumonia follows, if the disease should persist further, it can get into the blood causing a systemic reaction resulting in the whole body being affected (Ballough). Some signs and symptoms of this disease are, “fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain, purulent or blood-tinged sputum” (Henry, 2013). Streptococcal pneumonia is spread through person-to-person contact through aerosol droplets affecting the respiratory tract causing it to get into the human body (Henry, 2013).
and European Government by implying that the public are at a healthier standpoint by taking the vaccine while in actuality individuals may be at more harm by taking the vaccine versus having the virus. Firstly, Merck admits that the MMRII vaccine can cause serious life threaten conditions such as Vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels), Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), Diabetes, Thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet count), Chronic arthritis, Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and Panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat layer). Several of these conditions are brought on by the live viruses in MMRII alone. Additionally, vaccines eliminate all possibility of a person developing lifelong immunity to infectious diseases like measles because they circumvent innate immunity, the body’s first line of defense against disease, exposing the adaptive immune system to viral components that it would never otherwise encounter. This causes permanent damage to the immune system and helps explain why many people today are stricken with autoimmune disorders that prior to vaccines were virtually nonexistent. Where in fact, natural exposure to measles is generally mild and imparts permanent immunity which is a nature’s
The article’s information is presented with the goal of informing a reader on vaccines. The evidence is statistical and unbiased, showing data on both side effects and disease prevention, providing rates of death and serious illness from both sides. This evidence is sourced from a variety of medical organizations and seems reliable, logical, and easily understood, no language that would inspire an emotional response is used. The validity of studies is not mentioned in the article, but it does encourage readers to investigate further to help make a decision. The article allows a reader to analyze the presented evidence and come to their own
Atkinson, William. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Washington: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1996.
The majority of clinical cases of laminitis occur at pasture where there is an accumulation of rapidly fermentable non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) such as fructans, simple sugars or starches (Geor, 2010). Pasture-associated laminitis has major economic and welfare implications in the equine sector. Increased risk factors include insulin resistance, increased insulin secretory response, hypertriglyceridaemia and obesity (Asplin, et al., 2007;Carter, et al., 2009 and de Laat, et al., 2010). Insulin resistance has been associated with a number of problems in the horse, most notably laminitis. Insulin resistance can be defined as a physiological condition in which cells have a diminished response to normal actions of the hormone insulin. Insulin is produced but the cells become resistant and are less capable in transporting glucose from the bloodstream to muscle and other tissues. In horses, insulin resistance is associated with a number of diseases such as Equine Metabolic Syndrome (Powell, et al., 2002; Hoffman, et al., 2003;Vick, et al., 2006 and Frank, et al., 2009), Equine Cushing Disease (McGowan, et al., 2004 and Walsh, et al., 2009) and Laminitis (Treiber, et al., 2006;Bailey, et al., 2007;McGowan, 2008 and Geor, 2008). Obesity and insulin resistance in ponies has become a common problem and there is a growing awareness on the role that diet and exercise has to play (Jeffcott, et al., 1986; Frank, et al., 2006 and Vick & Adams, 2007). Over-expressed adipocytokines, such as leptin, have been suggested to impair insulin signalling and cause the up regulation of inflammatory cytokines. This then further contributes to impaired insulin signalling and endothelial dysfunction (Radin, et al., 2009). The restriction of energy throu...
Batten disease or Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL) is nervous system disorder that is inherited. There is a few different age categories related to such disease but it usually manifests itself in childhood. Although Batten disease is the juvenile form of NCL, most doctors use the same term to describe all forms of NCL. Batten disease or NCL may be recognized by parents or doctors that notice a child begin to develop vision problems or seizures. In some cases the early signs are subtle, taking the form of personality and behavior changes, delayed speech, slow learning, clumsiness or stumbling.
Vaccines have been used to prevent diseases for centuries, and have saved countless lives of children and adults. The smallpox vaccine was invented as early as 1796, and since then the use of vaccines has continued to protect us from countless life threatening diseases such as polio, measles, and pertussis. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) assures that vaccines are extensively tested by scientist to make sure they are effective and safe, and must receive the approval of the Food and Drug Administration before being used. “Perhaps the greatest success story in public health is the reduction of infectious diseases due to the use of vaccines” (CDC, 2010). Routine immunization has eliminated smallpox from the globe and led to the near removal of wild polio virus. Vaccines have reduced some preventable infectious diseases to an all-time low, and now few people experience the devastating effects of measles, pertussis, and other illnesses.
The subject feels a painful sensation acute, which tends to worsen when breathing or in the case where it is struck by cough, which constitutes another symptom to be reckoned with.
known as your epiglottis, close and a weird sound comes out of your mouth, sounding like
Epiglottitis is a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the epiglottis inflames and swells, causing the airway to become blocked (Mayo Clinic, 2018). The epiglottis is leaf-shape flap of cartilage located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx. It is made of yellow elastic cartilage tissue, lined with a mucous membrane. The epiglottis is usually resting in the upright position which allows an opening in the trachea for air to pass through (Heller & Zieve 2017). But when a person is eating and swallowing the epiglottis folds over so that the trachea becomes blocked off and that way no food or water enters the trachea and instead goes through the esophagus. The epiglottis is able
Mumps, part of the Paramyxovirus family (Hunt, 2008) and also known as Epidemic parotitis (Medline Plus, n.d.), is a virus that has a worldwide distribution with humans being the only known reservoir (Chamberlain, 2013). Mumps are a viral infection that primarily affects the parotid glands, otherwise known as the salivary glands located below and in front of the ears (Mayo Clinic Staff, n.d.). Although swelling, also known as parotitis, is the most recognized symptom of mumps, it may only occur in approximately 30-40% of cases. Other patients may have non-specific symptoms, basically symptoms that are similar to other viruses. Up to 20% of infected individuals may experience no symptoms at all (The History of Vaccines, 2014).
Bach, J.F. (2002). The Effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases.New England Medical Journal, 347(911-920)
Omer, S. B., Salmon, D.A., Orenstein, W. A., deHart, M. P., & Halsey, N. (2009). Vaccine
Chronic bronchitis is a disorder that causes inflammation to the airway, mainly the bronchial tubules. It produces a chronic cough that lasts three consecutive months for more than two successive years (Vijayan,2013). Chronic Bronchitis is a member of the COPD family and is prominently seen in cigarette smokers. Other factors such as air pollutants, Asbestos, and working in coal mines contributes to inflammation. Once the irritant comes in contact with the mucosa of the bronchi it alters the composition causing hyperplasia of the glands and producing excessive sputum (Viayan,2013). Goblet cells also enlarge to contribute to the excessive secretion of sputum. This effects the cilia that carry out the mechanism of trapping foreign bodies to allow it to be expelled in the sputum, which are now damaged by the irritant making it impossible for the person to clear their airway. Since the mechanism of airway clearance is ineffective, the secretion builds up a thickened wall of the bronchioles causing constriction and increasing the work of breathing. The excessive build up of mucous could set up pneumonia. The alveoli are also damaged enabling the macrophages to eliminate bacteria putting the patient at risk for acquiring an infection.
For many years before the development of vaccines, it was known that after recovery from certain diseases some people would not become infected when exposed to it again. This course by which a person is protected from certain diseases after natural infection is termed active immunity. The person is protected since the immune system remembers the past infection and reacts quickly when it comes across the issue again. Yet, for diseases that can be life-threatening, attaining immunity in this way entails running the risk of death upon the first encounter. Even for non life-threatening diseases, a lot of infections carry a risk of grave complications after recovery and so it would be preferable to obtain immunity without taking unwarranted risks. Active immunity by way of vaccination presents a much safer alternative (Childhood Vaccinations: Understanding Vaccines, 2006).