Water supply and sanitation
The primary sources of city water supply had been surface waters - the Volkhov River and Fedorovskiy creek, in which water constantly was being polluted during all the city and its upstream. In particular, the high chloride content in river water, besides salt formations and salt ponds near the city, could be due to wastewaters of Staraya Russa salt plant, which flowed into the Volkhov River across the Polist River and Ilmen Lake. In general, water was contaminated with effluents from city territory, domestic sewage, discharges of brewery, laundry, baths and hospitals, as well as barges, boats, fish cages. Fedorovskiy creek was so clogged household waste water, that in summer it dried out, and degradable wastes in the mainstream were creating favorable environment for epidemic diseases development. (FIG. 4).
Urban water supply was carried out mainly by water carriers. They gained river water, not caring about its quality, with rafts, where people bathed and washed clothes, and, for a fee, delivered it to Novgorod residents. Often they took river water from such places, where or upstream it various impurities flowed from the city. Therefore the sewage water, diluted by river water, brought back to the citizens. So water carriers for a long time have practiced water withdrawal from the Volkhov River from ferriages in front of Lerhovskiy Boulevard and military hospital. It was the sites, where water was polluted by wastes of fish cages, ships, baths and drainpipe from laundry hospital. (FIG. 5).
Due to such sewage circulation, drinking water was a poor quality, but mostly it was better, than water from the city watertower. The watertower ensured water the townspeople of Trade side the city and it was ...
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This book follows an esteemed doctor and a local clergyman who, together, are the heart of an investigation to solve the mystery of the cholera epidemic. In 1854 London was ravaged by a terrible outbreak of cholera, where within the span of mere weeks over five hundred people in the Soho district died. London, at the time, was a city of around two and a half million people, all crammed into a small area with no system for sewage removal. With overflowing cesspools, improper drainage of all the human and animal waste, and no system for guaranteed clean water, the people of London were in a bad state. They were essentially dumping all of their feces into their drinking water supply, a perfect environment for cholera to thrive.
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In the early 1880s, Chicago was a bustling city on its way to becoming one of great cities in the world. There was a problem though. Horrible sanitation problems plagued the city. The Chicago River was virtually an open sewer covered with visible filth. Most of the river’s worst pollution came from homes and bathroom waste thought the city. “Bubbly Creek” was one of the worst branches of the river. It was filled with enough stockyard waste to equal the pollution from a sizable city. To further the problem, all of the contents of the river flowed into Lake Michigan, polluting Chicago’s drinking water causing a sever outbreak of water born diseases.
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Ultimately, by the time of Peter Romanov in the late seventeenth century, Russia had done little to keep up with the modernizing European continent. Technologically and culturally, it fell centuries behind. It had no Renaissance, no Reformation, no Scientific Revolution. It’s as if Russia was stuck in the European Middle Ages. Its army and navy lagged miserably behind, its Orthodox clergy govern education, there was no quality literature or art of which to tell, and even no emphasis on maths or science. In Western Europe, the seventeenth century was the time of Galileo and Newton, Descartes and Locke. It was a century of a growing merchant division. Rural peasants moved to growing cities for new work. As serfhood faded off in the West, it was growing in the Russia inherited by Peter Romanov. And while Western Europe, with its numerous warm-water passageways, sailed the seas and brought in unprecedented profits from subjugated colonies, Russia pushed eastward, finding nothing but frigid shore, cold taiga, and the remnants of a deformed Mongolian Empire that had depended more on plunder than infrastructure.
As a country with temperate weather, Latvia has mild winters and warmer summers. The climate does not affect the people much, other than that, they enjoy that the weather is a preferable temperature throughout the year compared to other countries’ climates. Even when Latvia was under Soviet control, the government did not pay much attention to the environment of the country. Now, there are complicated water and sewage systems, efforts for decreasing pollution, and hazardous waste disposal plants. Back in 1620, the first water supply device was built in Riga, Latvia’s capital. The water was pumped from an open reservoir, and then ran through a series of pipes and pools to eventually end up in the homes of the richer citizens. In 1863, water from the Daugava River was used for drinking, which lasted about twenty more years, but by the twentieth century, the water quality was no longer acceptable enough for drinking water consumption. The Daugava River was also polluted from different kinds of wastes, from all different places, some wastes even from the bordering countries of Latvia. This conflict called for new water sources to be found in Latvia. New wells were drilled to solve the c...
During disaster many breakages can happen to the public water system; such as contamination of public water systems. Whenever public water systems are not available there could always be a convenient and life saving resource available, such as the water bottle. Fager writes in his essay, “In almost all such events, public water systems are made unusable almost immediately, sometimes for a long time” (2). Fager states in this piece of his essay that water systems in local communities are often compromised in and after times of natural disasters. Therefore, water bottles will be lifesavers in these times due to the fact that they are not contaminated, unlike the tap water that can harm many people after these
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