NAME: HANI SYAFINI ZULKIFLI SITI FAIRUZ MOHD FAUZI TITTLE: LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Development of English vocabulary 2.0 Influence of Latin in English vocabulary 2.1 Old English 2.2 Middle English 2.3 Modern English 3.0 Influence of French in English vocabulary 3.1 Middle English 3.2 Modern English 4.0 Influence of Germanic in English vocabulary 4.1 Low Germanic 4.2 High Germanic 5.0 Influence of other languages in English vocabulary 5.1 Italian 5.2 Spanish and Portuguese 6.0 Conclusion 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Development of English vocabulary Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Danes, and Norman French had invaded the Great Britain years ago. Since then, the people there are mixed of genes, cultures, and spoken languages. As the result, despite the culture, the language also mongrelized. When someone imitate a foreign word, they are said to borrow it, and the action is called borrowing or loanwords. Thus, other than native English words, all the vocabulary are borrowed from foreign language or coined with its elements. 2.0 Influence of Latin in English vocabulary Latin influence in English can be seen in Old English, Middle English as well as Modern English. 2.2 Old English At first, the loanwords from Latin are candel ‘candle’ (latin candela), earc ‘ark’ (Latin arca), port ‘harbor’ (Latin portus). Latin also influence most of the elements in English places such as Lancaster, Manchester, Casterton and Chesterfield. Most of this places were former Roman military stations. Some of the loanwords have close relation to Latin etyma. For example, the word alter ‘altar’ (Latin altar), circul ‘circle’ (Latin circulus), templ ‘temple’ (Latin templum), (a)postle ‘apostle’ (Latin apostolu... ... middle of paper ... ...ackwurst), noodle (Nudel), pretzel, pumpernickel, sauerbraten, sauerkraut, schnitzel, wienerwurst, and zwieback. Besides that, the words angst, hamster, landau (from the place of that name), waltz and the dog names dachshund, Doberman(n) pinscher, poodle (Pudel) and spitz are other words used from German. The words seminar and semester are originally Latin but these words entered English via German. 5.0 Influence of other languages in English vocabulary English has taken from other languages as well such as Italian, Spanish and Portuguese through travel, trade, exploration and colonization. 5.1 Italian Many musical terminologies were acquired from Italian, another Romance language. The words alto, duo, fugue, madrigal, presto, viola da gamba (viol for the leg) and violin appeared in English during the early sixteenth century. 5.2 Spanish and Portuguese
The example given above shows that the Latin yields functional words (quae, et), endings (-as, -am, etc.), and some lexical words (possunt, corpore, mille), while the remaining stems come from German (schoen-, blick-, mann-, etc.). We can conveniently call the language that is mixed with Latin the Embedded Language (hence, EL).
As the English language was beginning to develop, words were being borrowed from the French, Latin, and Scandinavian. Majority of the words used in the diary entry are words from each of these countries. For example, the lexis ‘Admerall’ was of a French origin. The lexis ‘gunnes’ was of a Scandinavian orgin and finally the lexis ‘nobull’ was of a Latin origin. All these words are commonly used in Present Day English, however, the spelling of the words are dissimilar. Large-scale borrowing of new words often had serious consequences for the meanings and the stylistic register of those words, but, various new stylistic layers emerged in the lexicon, which could be employed for a variety of different
Modern Language Notes -. By Marcus Mordecai. 2nd ed. of the book. Vol.
A: New words do get added to languages. So when the English language came to North America, words like kayak, which is an Inuit word, were added. Languages grow more than they shrink. Also, we have many words that are called “learned borrowings” – more from Greek than Latin. Word like hysterectomy, which comes from Greek. Womb= hyster
Enter the Normans, in 1066 the Norman Duke William (under the belief he had the “right to rule England [England lecture]) invaded and defeated the Anglo-Saxon king. At this time the general population had come to speak Englisc (or some dialect of it), while the Norman invaders spoke a dialect of Old French (which would later come to be called Anglo-Norman) and kept written records in Latin [Kahane 186]. Gradually, there was a shift in the vernacular (from Anglo-Norman to English) as well as a shift in the written language (from Latin to Anglo Norman) [England lecture]. In order to maintain distance and further the effects of bilingualism, various phrases and words were imported from French to Anglo-Norman, as were expressions from Latin (as a sort of revival of the language.)
1) Descending from precursory languages such as Anglo-Saxon (Old English), Italian, Spanish, Latin, Greek and French.
As we have said in the first chapter, Latin, the official language of the Roman Empire, became a multitude of dialects called collectively Vulgar Latin which, in turn, became the Romance languages. Today we will look at how Vulgar Latin became the Romance languages with a concentration on Italian, the language which is probably closest to Latin lexically. To understand how Vulgar Latin became the different Romance languages we must first understand that each Romance language went through many different changes until it became the language spoken today and that each Romance language parted from Latin at a different time. By the eighth century the language spoken in France was already quite different than Classical Latin. In 813 the Council
The final shift towards their evolution, and the big culture bomb, started with the Norman invasion of Britain; this battle caused an influx of culture into a mainly homogenous society. It started in 1066 when William the Conqueror won at the Battle of Hastings (Delahoyde 1), took the British crown by force, and brought French language and its influence into the quaint British countryside (McIntyre 12). This French influence gave the final shove and created the next step towards a modern language; it provided a stepping-stone into becoming a more advanced society with a more advanced language. Without the French, there would be no evolution from Old English to Middle English.
The English language arose from the early Anglo Saxon inhabitants in ancient England and spread to Scotland and other European countries via the British Empire and later to the United States through colonial political and economical influences. It later dispersed to other parts of the world through these same influences to become one of the leading languages of the world. It has over the years developed by adopting different dialects to create a language, which is the standard lingual Franca in many countries. The rapid growth of the English language and its adoption by different cultures across the globe is sufficient ground to make it the global language.
Invasion in the 9th century by Scandinavians, who settled in the north of England and the establishment of Danelaw in 886 AD defining the area governed by the Danes in the north and east, had a marked effect on the language spoken there (Beal, J. 2012, p. 59). These periods are known as Early and Later Old English (Beal, J. 2012, p. 50). The Norman invasion of 1066 AD began a period of two centuries in which French was the official language of England, resulting in the introduction of many words with French or Latin roots, such as 'baron', 'justice' and 'government' (Beal, J. 2012, p. 64). English was first used in Parliament in 1362 AD and gradually displaced French (Appendix I, in Seargeant, J and Swann, J.... ... middle of paper ... ...
... language. The earliest forms of French was called Old French and lasted until the fifteenth century. Modern day French was developed from the dominant dialect in the twelfth and thirteenth century in central France, around Paris. Norman French, located in northern France, spread to England in the eleventh century and became known as Anglo-Norman as it developed in England but English eventually dominated and wiped it out. Occitan was spoken in the South and developed greatly during the Middle Ages until the North overtook them in the early thirteenth century. Occitan can still be found in southern France today (Fortson 258). Spanish
Since the establishment of the British Empire, the spread of English language has been experienced in many parts of the globe. The success can be attributed significantly to the colonization activities that the empire had embarked on. They would train the indigenous community English language as they suppressed the local dialect. This massive spread is termed as lingual imperialism (Osterhammel 2005, pp. 14). The English language has become the first and second language of many nations across the world, and this makes it an international language. The native’s proportion to the non-native who speaks English cannot be compared with nations in the isle of Britain and far are speaking the language .considering that more than 70%
To understand how English became the lingua franca for the world one must begin by understanding the colonization influence of the British Empire, beginning with the Americas in the early 1600’s. Once the language itself had been somewhat established in Great Britain, although not necessarily agreed upon, the next obvious step was to take the language and the culture to new parts of the world and colonize. The British Empire set out to the Americas in two vastly different manners, yet both had major influences on the language of what soon would become America.
As I mentioned earlier, about 60% of English words stem from Latin. Another language that a lot of English words stem from is French, and Latin is the base of French. English and Latin are in the same language family which is called Indo-European. Pretty much all of medical terms come from either Greek or Latin. One reason there are any Latin words and phrases in today’s law is, “ancient Rome's legal system has had a strong influence on the legal systems of most western countrie...
Over the years English inarguably has reached a status of a global language and commonly is characterized as a lingua franca. It has become the language that is spoken by millions of people all over the world; as the mother tongue, as the language used for international communication and as the language learned in the millions of schools.