Phar 6724 Introduction to the Immune System and Infectious Disease
Emerging Infectious Disease Assignment
Spring Semester 2016 Over the last three decades, a significant number of new pathogens have been identified that have been responsible for localized epidemics and outbreaks. Some of these diseases have been widely publicized e.g. West Nile Virus & SARS Coronavirus, Zika virus, Ebola virus etc. One of the functions of the Centers for Disease Control is to conduct research and gather information on Emerging Infectious Diseases. The CDC also sends teams of scientists around the world to investigate these outbreaks of new infectious diseases. The CDC also published an online journal entitled Emerging Infectious Diseases. The purpose
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You will access the CDC website (www.cdc.gov) and use their search engines to locate information on your organism.
The information that you will need to gather is listed below. In addition to locating information from the CDC Web Site, you are also requested to locate an article describing either clinical symptoms, diagnosis, or treatment of the disease from the primary literature (i.e. from a primary journal article, not a journal review or book).
A primary reference describing the clinical symptoms would be when the authors have directly observed symptoms in patients (i.e. not a review article). An example would be a case report or an unusual presentation. You can search for primary articles through the Biomedical Library Home Page www.biomed.lib.umn.edu using PubMed (“Find It” enabled) or the Emerging Infectious Disease online journal through the CDC website www.cdc.gov. This assignment should be done alone. You may not work with other students who have the same topic or consult or utilize a paper written by students in previous
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other potential vertebrates and humans. Its Yersinia pestis is transmitted via flea-borne biting and exist as a vector of multiple flea species. It can remain dormant for a period of 2-5 years. Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative bacterium, It can escape from the lymph node and migrate into the bloodstreams. There it can invade the host immune system by invading macrophage through recognizing CCR5 molecules which they then will live within the cell host macrophage cell in the preinfection phase. Once it multiplies it then can be released into the extracellular compartments and move towards the outer systemic and became phagocytosis resistance. Yersinia pestis then can induce the destruction of the host innate immune
Du, Yidong, Roland Rosqvist, and Ake Forsberg. "Role of Fraction 1 Antigen of Yersinia pestis in Inhibition of Phagocytosis." Role of Fraction 1 Antigen of Yersinia Pestis in Inhibition of Phagocytosis. American Society for Microbiology, 05 Dec. 2001. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.
The medical field is a vast land of beauty but with great beauty comes immense horror. There are many deadly viruses and diseases found in the medical field. In the novel, The Hot Zone by Richard Preston, the author discusses the many deadly viruses found in the field. The viruses are widespread due to the errors that occur when the viruses are in the presence of human beings. The effects of the errors performed by the human race include a decrease in population and wildlife. The viruses are spread in many different ways in the novel, but all are due to human mistakes.
2.Jarret C. et al Transmisson of Yersinia Pestis from an infectious biofilm in the flea vector. Journal of Infectious Disease (2004) v 190 I4 p783
Yersinia pestis infection comes in three forms: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic; the pneumonic plague is the deadliest. The rodent epidemic is transmitted unto humans when Y. pestis “are transmitted by fleabite, enters the lymphatic [system]
If the pathogen can overcome the host defenses, the host will be damaged and may not survive. If, on the other hand, the host defenses overcome the pathogen, the microparasite may fail to establish itself within the host and die. The main objectives of the pathogen are to gain entry inside the host, once inside grow and reproduce, and avoid host defenses. There are three possible routes of infection: respiratory, inflammatory, and traumatic. The respiratory route is the easiest and most direct means of entry.
Rifkind, David, and Geraldine L. Freeman. The Nobel Prize Winning Discoveries in Infectious Diseases. London: Elsevier/Academic, 2005.
Even though the bubonic plague can not be transmitted among humans, it was the most common of the three plagues. The bubonic plague occurs when fleas feed on the blood of infected rodents, which are usually rats (Poland 1). The bacterium that causes the infection is known as Yersenia Pestis. The fleas then pass the bacteria when they bite a human or when materials infected with Yersenia pestis directly enters the body through a wound. The names of this plague come from the swellings, also known as buboes, that appeared on a victim’s neck, armpits, or groin (Gottfried,1).The lymph nodes suddenly become painful and swollen with pus especially in the groin. Later, the skin splits and oozes pus and blood. Blood also comes out of the victim’s urine which, like the rest of the symptoms, smells horribly. These swellings (also known as tumors) could be as small as an egg or as big as an apple. Even though some people survived this disease, others would have a life expectancy of a week.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(3), 438-443. Doi:10.1086/600391. See full address and map. Medicare.gov/Hospital Compare - The Official U.S. Government Site for Medicare (n.d).
" National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. The Web. The Web.
The Black Death was associated with three types of plague, which were all caused by Yersinia Pestis. The bubonic plague had a mortality rate of 80 percent. It was “spread through the bite of a flea” (The Black Death, 23). The most noticeable symptom is swelling of the lymph nodes. After the outbreak of the symptoms, death would occur within three to six days. Yet, ten to forty percent of people affected by the bubonic plague would recover. The second type was the pneumonic plague and it had a mortality rate of 90% to 95%. The pneumonic plague it is transferred by “respiratory fluids” (The Black Death, 23). The plague kills its victims in a period of two to three days. The third type is the septicemic plague and it had a mortality rate of nearly 100%. This plague “spread through a direct invasion or poisoning of the blood” (The Black Death,
Heymann, D. (2004). Control of Communicable Diseases Manual.18th edition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
1) Lewis, Ricki, “The Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections”. Food and Drug Administration Publication. http://ww.fda.gov/fdac/features/795_antibio.html September, 1995.
The septimic plague is transmitted through direct fleabite. With there being no incubation period the infection infects the bloodstream directly and immediately. In reaction the victim’s circulatory system collapses, they have a high internal bleeding rate, and are dead within the next twenty-four to thirty-six hours.
In descriptive epidemiology, data that describe the occurrence of the disease are collected by various methods from all relevant sources. The data is then collected by time, place, and person. Four time trends are considered in describing the epidemiologic data: secular, periodic, seasonal and epidemic. A description of epidemiologic data by place must consider three different locations: where the individual was when disease appeared, where the individual was when he or she became infected from the source, and where the source became infected with the pathogenic agent. The third focus of descriptive epidemiology is the infected person.
T. pallidum is highly sensitive to oxygen and has a decreased ability to survive when not in human body temperature environments 1. The mode of transmission is through sexual contact or vertical transmission from the mother to the fetus. T. pallidum lacks the lipopolysaccharide which is the endotoxin normally present in gram negative bacteria1. The bacterium does produce many lipoproteins which are thought to prompt the inflammatory mediators through the recognition of toll-like receptors1. T. pallidum has a virulence factor of being highly motile due to its ability to propel itself forward by rotating on a longitudinal axis1. The spirochetes easily penetrate the skin or mucosal membranes and spread throughout the lymph nodes and then the blood circulation, affecting many parts in the body1.