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Essay on the ethical issues of genetic testing
Genetic screening outline
Genetic screening outline
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Embryo Diagnosis
Karen and Roger have decided to start a family. Again. It has been nearly six years since their first and only child, Katie, was born, and just over two years since she died. In her four years of life, Katie was plagued with the fatal Tay-sachs disease. Because the enzyme needed to rid her brain of fatty materials was absent at birth, she lost her sight when she was only eighteen months old. Her ability to operate the left side of her body was gone several months later.
Understandably, the loss of their daughter devastated the young couple. The difficulty of watching their little girl suffer and knowing it was their genetic makeup that caused her pain made it harder to try having another baby. They honestly didn't know if they could bring another child into a world of hurt and certain death.
Breakthroughs in genetic technology has brought hope for healthy children to the distraught couple. Through embryo diagnosis, it is very possible for Karen and Roger to have a baby that is free of the horrible disease. What they struggle with now is whether they believe it is ethically correct.
In the fast-paced, ever growing world of genetics, we as a responsible society must take time to scrutinize the new technologies from both ethical and scientific standpoints. The questions we are to answer are both difficult and morally challenging. One such question involves embryo diagnosis. Is it morally correct to pick and choose which embryos are genetically acceptable? On the other hand, how ethical is it to allow a child to be born with a terminal disease, when technologies at hand could have prevented such pain? After looking at both sides, it is my belief that embryo diagnosis can do the human race worlds of go...
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...Biosis. What is Genetic Screening?
http://www.sci.comm.org.uk/biosis/human/whatis1.html
Bonnicksen, Andrea. "Genetic Diagnosis of Human Embryos." Hastings Center
Report Jul.-Aug. 1992:s5-10
"Footnotes." Scientific American June 1993: 130
"Healthy Baby is Born After Test for Deadly Gene." The New York Times 28
Jan. 1994:a17
Institute of Medicine. Assessing Genetic Risks National Academy Press
Washington D.C. 1994
Kastilahn, Kathleen. "Back to Genesis." The Lutheran Feb. 1993:9-15
Kolata, Gina. "Genetic Defects Detected in Embryos Just Days Old."
The New York Times 24 Sept. 1992:a1+
Rinard, Peggy. "Mapping the Inner Frontier." Health Sciences 1992:3-7
Thompson, et al. Genetics in Medicine W.B. Saunders Company, United States. 1991
Wheeler, David L. "War on a Disease." The Chronicle of Higher Learning May 18, 1994
a10-a15.
Hip-Hop became characterized by an aggressive tone marked by graphic descriptions of the harshness and diversity of inner-city life. Primarily a medium of popular entertainment, hip-hop also conveys the more serious voices of youth in the black community. Though the approaches of rappers became more varied in the latter half of the 1980s, message hip-hop remained a viable form for addressing the problems faced by the black community and means to solve those problems. The voices of "message" hip...
McNeil suggests, there are still epidemics out there which have not developed human to human status yet. For example, AIDS is identified in 1981, which is after the publication of Plagues and Peoples. Because of AIDS relevancy to this book, McNeil writes a Preface in 1997 including his thoughts on the epidemic. Humans only thought that scientific medicine "had finally won decisive victory over disease germs" (9). With the discovery of the AIDS virus a social change occurred in American and similar societies.
Since the early to mid 90’s, hip-hop has undergone changes that purists would consider degenerating to its culture. At the root of these changes is what has been called “commercial hip-hop". Commercial hip-hop has deteriorated what so many emcees in the 80’s tried to build- a culture of music, dance, creativity, and artistry that would give people not only something to bob their head to, but also an avenue to express themselves and deliver a positive message to their surroundings.
The Web. The Web. 24 Mar. 2011. The. http://liboc.tctc.edu:2058/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CH1420001374&v=2.1&u=tricotec_main&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w> The "Plague".
Hip-Hop is a cultural movement that emerged from the dilapidated South Bronx, New York in the early 1970’s. The area’s mostly African American and Puerto Rican residents originated this uniquely American musical genre and culture that over the past four decades has developed into a global sensation impacting the formation of youth culture around the world. The South Bronx was a whirlpool of political, social, and economic upheaval in the years leading up to the inception of Hip-Hop. The early part of the 1970’s found many African American and Hispanic communities desperately seeking relief from the poverty, drug, and crime epidemics engulfing the gang dominated neighborhoods. Hip-Hop proved to be successful as both a creative outlet for expressing the struggles of life amidst the prevailing crime and violence as well as an enjoyable and cheap form of recreation.
Mary Lowth, “Plagues, pestilence and pandemics: Deadly diseases and humanity,” Practice Nurse, 16, (2012): 42-46
How far is society willing to advance genetic enhancement technology before it becomes a moral wrong? Medical technology is well on the way to allowing parents to create designer babies, permitting parents to pick physical and internal qualities of unborn children. Due to the advance in technology allowing parents to genetically designer their own child, The American Medical Association (AMA) should create stronger codes of medical ethics and acts imposing limitations. The manipulating with embryos in order to create a parent’s ideal child is morally wrong, and should be against codes of ethics. In order to create a fine line between enhancement that prevents disease and birth defects, and the self-absorbed society that prefers children with little to no flaws; laws of ethics in medical practice need to be implemented. Therefore, with distinguished lines on medical ethics, society will not become divided and unrecognizable due to genetically enhanced humans.
Hip hop has permeated popular culture in an unprecedented fashion. Because of its crossover appeal, it is a great unifier of diverse populations. Although created by black youth on the streets, hip hop's influence has become well received by a number of different races in this country. A large number of the rap and hip hop audience is non-black. It has gone from the fringes, to the suburbs, and into the corporate boardrooms. Because it has become the fastest growing music genre in the U.S., companies and corporate giants have used its appeal to capitalize on it. Although critics of rap music and hip hop seem to be fixated on the messages of sex, violence, and harsh language, this genre offers a new paradigm of what can be (Lewis, 1998.) The potential of this art form to mend ethnic relations is substantial. Hip hop has challenged the system in ways that have unified individuals across a rich ethnic spectrum. This art form was once considered a fad has kept going strong for more than three decades. Generations consisting of Blacks, Whites, Latinos, and Asians have grown up immersed in hip-hop. Hip hop represents a realignment of America?s cultural aesthetics. Rap songs deliver a message, again and again, to keep it real. It has influenced young people of all races to search for excitement, artistic fulfillment, and a sense of identity by exploring the black underclass (Foreman, 2002). Though it is music, many people do not realize that it is much more than that. Hip hop is a form of art and culture, style, and language, and extension of commerce, and for many, a natural means of living. The purpose of this paper is to examine hip hop and its effect on American culture. Different aspects of hip hop will also be examined to shed some light that helps readers to what hip hop actually is. In order to see hip hop as a cultural influence we need to take a look at its history.
Hip Hop has always been putting attention to the early origins, perhaps it has to deal with the fact of adolescents embracing older music. If you take a look in the past, you would see the genre of hip hop progressing into this great invention rappers have been taking a new light on. The old school song I chose is (1) “South Bronx” by Boogie Down Productions because it espouses the connection of all the elements of hip hop. Hip Hop is the art form that has made people express themselves, which is why I will be introducing to my mixtape that covers the cultural attention of hip hop.
...on of human embryos but they successfully argue that the benefits of therapeutic cloning outweigh the morally based objections regarding the process” (2011). Furthermore they emphasize the fact that human lives are spared and improved by the use of genetic engineering and that the destruction of human embryos can eventually be omitted out of the process in a near future through other forms of technology.
Hip-hop culture began to develop in the south Bronx area of New York City during the 1970s. It had a significant influence in the music industry. Hip-hop music generally includes rapping, but other elements such as sampling and beatboxing also play important roles. Rapping, as a key part in the hip-hop music, takes different forms, which including signifying, dozen, toast and jazz poetry. Initially, hip-hop music was a voice of people living in low-income areas, reflecting social, economic and political phenomenon in their life [1]. As time moves on, hip-hop music reached its “golden age”, where it became a mainstream music, featuring diversity, quality, innovation and influence [2]. Gangsta rap, one of the most significant innovations in hip-hop music, contains violent and confrontational lyrics, such as the word “nigger”. Rappers like Ice-T and groups like N.W.A popularized this new rap style through out the country and made a great success commercially. When it comes to the twenty-first century, hip-hop music already has a global influence and becomes a dominant in the mainstream.
From its conception in the 1970's and throughout the 1980's, hip hop was a self-contained entity within the community that created it. This means that all the parameters set for the expression came from within the community and that it was meant for consumption by the community. Today, the audience is from outside of the community and doesn’t share the same experiences that drive the music. An artists’ success hinges on pleasing consumers, not the community. In today's world, it isn’t about music that rings true for those who share the artists' experiences, but instead, music that provides a dramatic illusion for those who will never share the experiences conveyed. This has radically changed the creative process of artists and the diversity of available music. Most notably, it has called in to question the future of hip hop.
...this? It is simple for many years hip hop has been misconceived in the public eye not really taken from what it is and its true potential. Everyone can love mangoes but there will always be that one person that does not like mangoes and likes peaches, I just hope that person will listen to the music with an open mind and not just hear what the media or society tells you. Listen to all the snare drums and all the different types of instruments playing in the back and take in the music for what it truly is and not the slandered baseless opinion people will give you. It is truly impossible to listen or do one thing once and completely soak it in and the same goes for Hip Hop, true art can not be understood and digested in one go. Years later we can still go look at work of Michelangelo and still see something new,deferment, and inspiring. That is what Hip Hop embodies!
Hip-hop was a cultural movement. It emerged in the early 1970s from the South Bronx. Hip-hop came from the “ghetto” and it became a cultural force of social protest and creativity. But from the 1990s and onward hip-hop changed from a cultural creative production to one of mass consumption. Hip-hop began to grow and through mass marketing targeting larger and whiter audiences hip-hop evolved in to relying on the images of crime and sex. Hip-hop has changed from a tool of social change to cars, women, and drugs. There is a gap between the civil rights movement and the newer hip-hop generation. This is not to say that there are not artists in the hip-hop community that talk about things that need to change such as racism, exploitation of the poor, police brutality, and the lack of education for the black and the poor. But the mainstream music on the radio is mostly about female body parts shaking and grinding, having sex, getting really drunk, high, and/or violent. It is not entirely the fault of hip-hop artists there are people who do not know Malcom X, Susan B. Anthony, or Thurgood Marshall but most people will know overrated artists with trash lyrics such as Lil Wayne, Nicki Minaj, Soulja Boy, and 2 Chainz.What once was a helpful tool for creating social change is now hurtful. Hip-hop has created a lot of powerful African Americans with a lot of money and influence but it has ceased to have its power reflect and reveal social awareness to inspire culture change because not many rap about the need for change. By exploring the change of hip-hop from the civil rights movement to the modern day hip-hop this paper will attempt to show that hip-hop has been grown from a powerful tool of social awareness in to a monster of mass consumpt...
Hip-hop is supposed to uplift and create, to educate people on a larger level and to make a change.” These words spoken by Doug E. Fresh outline the purpose of hip-hop culture in its’ entirety. This cultural movement originated in New York City from the African American, and Latino American communities in the 1970’s. This culture consists of DJing, break dancing, graffiti-art, and beat boxing. It has been and still is somewhat of an outlet for the youth to express themselves in a positive manner. Most classic hip-hop has a positive undertone and message to be conveyed to an audience. It is strongly based off of self-expression and addressing negativity in a way that their voices can be heard. Although hip-hop culture is overall a constructive movement that gets the youth involved in productive, self-satisfying activities there are many misconceptions about it. It is a misunderstood culture that has much to offer our younger generations today and pave the way for more positive outlets. Hip hop is a positive cultural movement that the youth today should learn about and get involved in because of its efficacious results in keeping teens off the streets and away from negative influences.