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Theory on white collar crimes
Punishment and white collar crimes
Theory on white collar crimes
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Embezzlement, sometimes referred as a White-Collar crime, is a group A offense in the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). It typically happens in workplaces, where a person in a position of responsibility and reliability, uses his position strengths to gain or help other people gain convenience or wealth in business. (Barnett) Statistics has shown that the average loss of embezzlement per year is about 850,000 dollars. (KARPP, 2014) Although the target of embezzlement is always money, some of the further influences, for example, alter the economic system, cause significant loss of money to the country and then damage the culture, could not be ignored. Considering these consequences, I propose the federal government should change …show more content…
The economy consists of millions of individual organizations and companies. Among these enterprises with different scales, small business, or individual investments are most vulnerable, mostly account for its short money chain. The research result from The 2015 Hiscox Embezzlement Watchlist showed that “Nearly 72% involved organizations with fewer than 500 employees…Some of the largest losses occurred in organizations with fewer than 50 employees.” (KARPP, 2014) The maintenance of small companies in the economy is extremely significant because they help to keep the diversity of the economy. The loss of small organizations would result in the formation of monopolies or oligopolies, which makes the market less competitive and eventually the price level of goods and services would be outreaching. The direct victim of increasing price level is consumers, us. If the government realized the widespread influence of embezzlement on the economy and changed it to a crime against society, then it could adjust the economic system based on the number of cases of embezzlement happened and predict the potential consequences. And a stable price level means an endurable life standard for …show more content…
It not only hurts the economy, weakens the financial of a country, but also damages the culture of the society. “The cost of fraud is the equivalent of a financial iceberg; some of the direct losses are plainly visible, but there is a huge mass of hidden harm that we cannot see.” (Association of Certified Fraud Examiners Inc, 2014)Losses are deeply rooted in the culture, affecting the attitude of its citizens. Therefore, the government should pay more attention to embezzlement by changing its category from a crime against property to a crime against society. Hopefully, could rectify the unhealthy tendencies in the
Fraud is one of Canada's most severe acts of financial criminality as the economic impact of this crime could potentially handicap an entire society. According to the Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre Annual Statistic Report (CAFC), a report established to monitor fraud with the aid of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), and Competition Bureau of Canada, it reported an annual loss of 74 million dollars affecting over 14,472 victims (Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre, 2014). Given this alarming statistic, it is worrisome that we as a society still ignore or turn a blind eye towards those who commit fraud as seen in the low conviction (Canada Revenue Agency, 2014), and focus our efforts on petty thefts as seen with the high rate of convictions
The news article that I decided to do my assignment on is about a bank manager, Debra Anne Chapin, that embezzled 2 million dollars from a bank. The news article’s title is, “Former manager jailed for cheating bank out of $2M; Woman used cash to pay bills, gamble and feed her cocaine habit.” The crime took place in Calgary between June 1, 2006 and June, 30 2008. This embezzlement is a classic case of white collar crime and demonstrates numerous criminological theories.
The PBS Frontline Documentary The Untouchables shined light on the claim that wealthier people in today’s society get off easier when they break the law. During the financial crisis of 2008, it was said that fraud was committed when many mortgage bankers and high-end executives on Wall Street knowingly bought loan portfolios that didn’t meet their policy credit standards. Even with the evidence in place, no one was arrested and held responsible for a stock crash that nearly destroyed the entire financial system of the United States. With a powerful justice system and justifiable evidence in place, no was prosecuted. Did the justice system not take the necessary steps to ensure that justice was served
One of the most recent white-collar crime involved Wells Fargo, a banking and financial services provider. In 2016 San-Francisco based bank Wells Fargo (WFC) employees secretly created millions of unauthorized bank and credit card accounts without permission of their customers. Opening about 1.5 million fraudulent deposit accounts and submitting 565,443 credit card applications allowed Wells Fargo employees to boost their sales targets and receive bonuses. Consequently, customers were wrongly charged fees for accounts they did not know existed. In this business crime scenario, Wells Fargo involved to pay $185 million in fines and refund $5 million to affected customers. Also, around 5,300
E.). There are various costs of white-collar crime, although an accurate measurement is not easy, they are hard to asses as well as very complex. There are enormous financial losses, sometimes physical damage as a result of negligence, as well as social costs: weakened trust in a free economy, confidence loss in political organizations, and destruction of public morality. “White collar crime could also set an example of disobedience for the general public, with citizens who rarely see white-collar offenders prosecuted and sent to prison becoming cynical about the criminal justice system” (Conklin, J. E.). White-collar crime is undeniably a crime and often encompasses elaborate
Today, worldwide, there are several thousands of crimes being committed. Some don’t necessarily require a lethal weapon but are associated with various types of sophisticated fraud, this also known as a white-collar crime. These crimes involve a few different methods that take place within a business setting. While ethical business practices add money to the bottom line, unethical practices are ultimately leading to business failure and impacting the U.S. financially.
In order to coherently understand the meaning of white collar crime, Friedrichs (2010) states that it must be approached in stages. The first stage is polemical, and is related to the definition. The second and third stages are typological and operational. As previously mentioned, white collar crime has been quite heavily debated, and currently there is no definition that is generally accepted by criminologists. Some argue that the term white collar crime should be abandoned altogether, and another issue is where it is appropriate to draw the line between legal practices and illegal practices (Hayes & Prenzler, 2012; Dobovšek & Slak, 2015). Throughout time, the scope of white collar crime has broadened to include many other typologies of white collar crime, due to the fact that technology has and continues to advance. The most common types of white collar crime include occupational crime, corporate crime, state crime, financial
Crime comes in different ways, shapes, and forms. From corruption to murder, the seriousness and blameworthiness varies from crime to crime. The most common factor of all crime is that it is illegal. The problem with prosecution is that some crimes can find loopholes around the rigidity of the laws created. This is the hardest for white collar crimes. With so many types of white collar crimes, it is hard to understand where it belongs on the scale on seriousness and blameworthiness and how to prosecute. With white collar crimes, they are most commonly seen as “victimless” or “paper” crimes, since they do not involve physical harm to the people included. With so many types available to analyze, the purpose of this paper is to focus on bribery, perjury, and fraud. When it comes to white collar crimes, or any crime for that matter, we do not only need to focus on what causes it and society’s reaction to it. We need to look into prevention of it and being able to stop it before it even starts.
Shover, N, & Hochstetler, A. (2006). Choosing white-collar crime. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
One of the most recent white-collar crime involved Wells Fargo, a banking and financial services provider. In 2016 San-Francisco based bank Wells Fargo (WFC) employees secretly created millions of unauthorized bank and credit card accounts without permission of their customers. Opening about 1.5 million fraudulent deposit accounts and submitting 565,443 credit card applications allowed Wells Fargo employees to boost their sales targets and receive bonuses. Consequently, customers were wrongly charged fees for accounts they did not know existed. In this business crime scenario, Wells Fargo involved to pay $185 million in fines and refund $5 million to affected customers. Also, around 5,300
White collar crimes do not garner as much media attention as that of violent crimes (Trahan, Marquart, & Mullings 2005). This is an odd fact because white collar crimes cost society much more than violent crimes do (Messner & Rosenfeld 2007). While there are many different definitions for white collar crime, Schoepfer and Piquero describe it as a nonphysical crime that is used to either obtain goods or to prevent goods from being taken (2006). People who commit these crimes are looking for personal or some sort of organizational gain and are being pressured to be economically successful from the idea of the American dream. The authors suggest that there are two types of people who commit crimes, those who have an immense desire for control and those who fear losing all they have worked hard for (Schopfer & Piquero 2006). Both groups have different reasons for turning to crime, but both groups commit the crime to benefit themselves. It was found that higher levels of high school drop outs were directly correlated to levels of embezzlement in white collar crime (2006). Because they are drop outs, they are less likely to be successful legitimately and turn to crime more often than their graduate
White collar crime is common due to its easy and non-violent nature. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, this term was coined in 1939 and is now synonymous with the full array of frauds committed by business and government professionals. These kinds of crimes are most relatable to the opportunity theory of crime; this theory proposes that offenders make rational decisions and therefore select targets that may offer high reward with low risk and effort. Individuals commit these crimes through illegitimate means in order for the company or enterprise within which they are employed to obtain monetary gains. These crimes greatly revolve around the opportunity theory of crime; it is easily hid from discovery and allows for high reward
The runaway corruption in the country harms the business environment and causes collapse of various established institutions and industries.
White-collar crimes and organizational structure are related because white collar-crimes thrive in organizations that have weak structures. According to Price and Norris (2009), the elites who commit white collar-crimes usually exploit weaknesses in organizational structure and formulate rules and regulations that favor their crimes. Makansi (2010) examines case studies to prove that white-collar crime is dependent on organizational structure. For example, the financial crisis that Merchant Energy Business faced in 2001-2002 occurred due to the liberal Financial Accounting Board, which failed to provide a standard model of valuing natural gas and fuel. Moreover, a financial crisis that rocked the securitization market in 2008 was due to fraudulence in the pricing of securitization products. These examples ...
Many groups of people use money laundering today, and many ways exist to launder money. Money laundering has become more sophisticated over the years. It is much different then when Al Capone laundered his bootleg profits. The United States is doing what they can to combat this illegal activity but without the help of others it is an impossible task. Many countries have teamed up with the Unites States to help. The only way to truly combat it is to persuade the other countries to develop anti-laundering standards. Along with developing these standards, banks need to train their staff on how to catch different transactions and policies to catch money laundering. Because laundering is so easy in these less developed countries laundering will continue, and while this illegal activity continues the activity itself will continue to destroy the economy in which it exists.