Electronic Piracy
Introduction
With the growing popularity of the Internet, there have been many new realms to be discovered. Businesses can now operate with minimal overhead, allowing for dropped prices and increased benefits to customers. People can also now communicate easier and cheaper and in new ways that were never previously thought of. Also, with the coming of the Internet there have been new problems: it’s now easier to lie, cheat, and steal than ever before. Forms of piracy never thought of before are appearing every single day. With the Internet, it is now also easier to copy and share copyrighted materials. One of the inherent problems with attempting to regulate this piracy is the gap in laws between countries. How do you punish who pirates music in a country that does not recognize the copyright laws of the music piece’s origin. Also, what makes a certain piece of software legal in one country but illegal in another? In the US, 321 Studios had to stop making its famous DVD XCopy program, but why and was the software ethical?[2] All these issues will be covered as well as how ethical the laws are in the respective countries as well as whether or not downloading or copying music is ethical at all.
Piracy Laws in the US Downloading Copyrighted Music
The biggest issue of piracy in the US lately has been the illegal downloading of music off of the Internet with popular programs such as Kazaa and iMesh. Millions of people have been downloading their music for free rather than paying for it for many years now. It has become such a big problem that the US Department of Justice has now launched its “most aggressive campaign against counterfeiting and piracy in its history”[4]. The US has de...
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...ading legal. December 12, 2003. CNET Networks. http://news.com.com/2100-1025-5121479.html
Karagiannis, Konstantinos. “DVD Copying Lives On.” PC Magazine June 2004: Pg.44.
Lamy, Jonathon. More Copyright Infringment Lawsuits Brought Against Illegal File Sharers. May 24, 2004. Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/news/newsletter/052404.asp
Malcolm, John G. Privacy and Intellectual Property - Legal Issues Related to Peer-To-Peer File Sharing Over the Internet. Oct. 23, 2003. United States Department of Justice. http://www.cybercrime.gov/Malcolmtestimony102303.htm
McCullagh, Declan. Verizon, RIAA in copyright showdown. Oct. 4, 2002. CNET Networks. http://news.com.com/2100-1023-960838.html?tag=cd_mh
Metz, Cade. DVD XCopy – Now What? March1, 2004. PC Magazine. http://www.pcmag.com/print_article/0,1761,a=120596,00.asp
completed, the tubes are stored at 4°C until analysis of the tubes. To alylize the PCR results with
Amplification reaction was done in a 25.0 µL reaction mixture containing 0.4 µL DNA (from DNA extraction), 5.0 µL of 10X PCR reaction buffer, 14.2 µL of sterelized dH2O, 2.0 µL of magnesium chloride (MgCl2, 25 mM), 1.0 µL nucleotide/dNTP mix (10 Mm), and 0.4 µL of 5 u/µL Taq DNA polymerase for each primer namely respectively. The components and the volume used for the amplification reactions are listed in Table 3.2. For the reaction, PCR reaction was performed in a programmable gradient-enabled thermocycler (Bio-Rad MyCycler™ Thermal Cycler).
In 1536, Henry began to believe that his wife was being unfaithful. She was charged with treason and adultery, and soon beheaded. He then married Jane Seymour. She gave him a male heir, Edward, and then died a few days after childbirth [1].
9.Bustin SA, Benes V, Nolan T, Pfaffl MW (June 2005). "Quantitative real-time RT-PCR-- a perspective". J. Mol. Endocrinol. Mon. 21 April 2014
Modern piracy has touched nearly every corner of the globe and has increased with globalization. The tentacles of piracy now extend from South America to the South China Sea. The greatest numbers of piracy incidents occur along maritime commercial trade routes. Since China dominates the world’s container shipping industry, the South China Sea has become a hotspot for piracy (Kraska 2011). The prominence of cargo activity increases opportunity for pirates and indisputably triggered the sixty- nine incidents of piracy that were reported in 2009 in the South China Sea (Kraska 2011).
A Worldwide Problem Software piracy is defined as the illegal copying of software for commercial or personal gain. Software companies have tried many methods to prevent piracy, with varying degrees of success. Several agencies like the Software Publishers Association and the Business Software Alliance have been formed to combat both worldwide and domestic piracy. Software piracy is an unresolved, worldwide problem, costing millions of dollars in lost revenue. Software companies have used many different copy protection schemes. The most annoying form of copy protection is the use of a key disk. This type of copy protection requires the user to insert the original disk every time the program is run. It can be quite difficult to keep up with disks that are years old. The most common technique of copy protection requires the user to look up a word or phrase in the program's manual. This method is less annoying than other forms of copy protection, but it can be a nuisance having to locate the manual every time. Software pirates usually have no trouble "cracking" the program, which permanently removes the copy protection. After the invention of CD-ROM, which until lately was uncopyable, most software companies stopped placing copy protection in their programs. Instead, the companies are trying new methods of disc impression. 3M recently developed a new technology of disc impression which allows companies to imprint an image on the read side of a CD-ROM. This technology would not prevent pirates from copying the CD, but it would make a "bootleg" copy differ from the original and make the copy traceable by law enforcement officials (Estes 89). Sometimes, when a person uses a pirated program, there is a "virus" attached to the program. Viruses are self-replicating programs that, when activated, can damage a computer. These viruses are most commonly found on pirated computer games, placed there by some malignant computer programmer. In his January 1993 article, Chris O' Malley points out that if piracy was wiped out viruses would eventually disappear (O' Malley 60). There are ways that a thrifty consumer can save money on software without resorting to piracy. Computer companies often offer discounts on new software if a person has previously purchased an earlier version of the software. Competition between companies also drives prices low and keeps the number of pirated copies down (Morgan 45). People eventually tire or outgrow their software and decide to sell it.
The United States of America is a free country, then why shouldn’t the internet be free? Why should we have restrictions placed on what we can and cannot do on the internet? Every day, millions of users share files on the internet through numerous online sources. Whether they download music, movies, or software, online file-sharing can give people access to a plentiful amount of information. These files are often free and easily accessible by anyone. The practice of distributing or providing access to digitally stored information represents file sharing (Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing and Copyright Infringement: Are You Vulnerable?). Conversely many people see file sharing as unlawful. The reproduction or distribution of any copyrighted digital media or information defines internet piracy. Many people see downloading copyright files such as music, movies, books, and software as illegal. Music files, some of the first types of files to be reproduced and distributed through internet sources, contain the file extension .mp3. Several popular file sharing programs were developed in the 1990s and facilitated internet piracy. Big industries try to combat file sharing to help increase their revenue, however internet piracy actually increases revenue of industries and has numerous other benefits (What Is Internet Piracy?). The copy and distribution of digital files increased due to technology (Torr). Internet piracy, considered a problem all over the world, stands as difficult to stop along with other kinds of piracy (What Is Internet Piracy?). Anything can be digitalized and once something becomes digitalized it will be shared all over the internet (Torr). Canadian and European laws allow for the downloading of copyright files for personal us...
Physical piracy-the copying and illegal sale of hard-copy CDs, videotapes, and DVDs-costs the music industry over $4 billion a year worldwide and the movie industry more than $3.5 billion. These numbers do not factor in the growing (and difficult to measure) problem of Internet piracy, in which music and movies are transferred to digital format and copies are made of the resulting computer file. Journalist Charles C. Mann explains why Internet piracy has the potential to be vastly more damaging to copyright industr...
paid for. The pirate has a set of excuses for his actions: prices are too high;
The PC industry is just over 20 years old. In those 20 years, both the quality
Fitness programs can reduce absenteeism. There are many documented situations of fitness and wellness programs are effective. In a one-year study of over 500 employees, each took part in a work place fitness program. The for each employee that worked out as little one day a week, cut their average number of sick days in half, from over ten sick days on average in the previous year without any activity to less than five in the following year. The report also showed that the employees that did not maintain a workout load of at least once a week did not reduce any sick-days. (Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 1997; 39:827-831) Each of the participants followed a one-hour supervised workout consisting of a warm-up, stretching, calisthenics, cardiovascular and strength-building program. Later in the study Dr. Lilian Lechner, M.P.H. stated, “While previous studies have found that employees most likely to partake in workplace fitness programs are those who already get the most regular exercise and tend to be in better health, the current show that work-based fitness offers added health benefits for employees regardless of their fitness level.
The first reason why downloading and uploading copyrighted materials from the Internet should be legal is that downloading copyrighted materials positively affects the economy. The European Commission Joint Research Center reported that the profits of music companies would be 2% lower if uploading and downloading copyrighted materials were banned. However, music companies are able to acquire more profits despite illegal downloading because many people tend to purchase CDs or DVDs after watching or listening to copyrighted materials for free. Moreover, the research showed that people who download music illegally spent more money to buy music than people who did not download illegally. In addition, research conducted by the Swiss government informed that one-third of Swiss people downloaded copyrighted materials from the Internet because personal use of copyrighted materials is legal in Switzerland. Even though there is a fact that many people can download copyrighted materials from the Internet legally in Switzerland, the amount of money that people spend to buy copyrighted materials is not f...
During the Wars of Roses, a European royal house of Welsh origins rose to power, a dynasty. The powerful and most well known dynasty is the House of Tudor. Henry VII became king in 1485 and took Elizabeth of York as his wife. They had four children: Prince Arthur of Wales, Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII, and Mary Tudor.
Music piracy is a developing problem that it affects the music industry in many different ways including being responsible for the unemployment of 750,000 workers, as well as a loss of $2,5 billion; therefore, I want to explore ‘To what extent has music piracy affected the music industry market in the United States over the last 10 years?’
With the popularity of the Internet, sales for CDs, DVDs, Movies, and many other products have increased. Along with the increase of sales has brought forth an ever increasing problem of illegal media being downloaded. Programs such as Bittorent, Kazaa, and other direct-connect networking programs have allowed the transferring of such illegal media. Downloading song files from the Internet over a free peer to peer network is the moral equivalent of shoplifting music CDs from the local mall.