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Prenatal factors affecting child development
Prenatal factors affecting child development
Chapter 5 physical and cognitive development
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There are eight periods of human development that include, prenatal period, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. These eight periods make up the three major developmental periods; child, adolescent and adult development. The prenatal period takes place in the first two weeks of conception. Heredity and environmental influences (which are often negative) are also developed during this stage. At this stage the organism is more susceptible to these influences, than during any other period. Infancy is the next stage, various changes start to occur and attachments start to form. Coordination, sensory and motor skills start to develop, as well as the expression of feelings and emotions. Childhood development is bro...
Erikson suggested that there are eight stages of development in a child’s life. In ages two
When studying human development, it is helpful to understand the main developmental domains (i.e physical, cognitive, emotional and moral) and the ways in which people develop within each domain at certain age stages. Use of psychological theories is also helpful to understand the reasons for this development and the ways in which it manifests at different age stages. The objective of this essay is to analyse the influences on development from conception to late adolescence. It will describe theories of lifespan development with information regarding my own development used to support these theories. It will be concluded that theories of lifespan development can be used to explain life experiences in the different developmental domains at different
1.1 Describe, in-depth, stages of development from conception to birth in groups of 4 weeks i.e. 0-4, 4-8, 8-12...36-40 weeks.
Based on my knowledge about prenatal development and childbirth I expected the women to answer the way they did. Development happens rapidly during the prenatal period, which is the time between conception and birth. Prenatal development is normally divided into three stages: the germinal stage, the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage.
The four levels of Psychological Development are the biological level, basic processes level, person level and sociocultural level. The biological level is about the brain and behaviour and cognitive abilities, and the changes that occur in the body with its various systems. The basic processes level involves the changes that occur with an individual mentally and across all. The person level is about an individual’s change in personality and their experiences with different emotions and behaviours. The sociocultural level is about an individual’s skills in interacting with others and building relationships.
Developmental theories are broken up into two perspectives; Life-course, and Latent Trait. These perspectives may answer questions on why juveniles have grown to lead a destructive life-style and why others grow out of their delinquency. Latent trait explains that some tendencies we are may be born with and how important it is to be there for our children. Our parenting skills do have a profound effect on how our children may lack self control or have an impulsive behavior.
“The scientific study of how humans developed did not begin until the 1800s in Europe. Until that time, people relied on religious explanations of how humans came into existence. Starting in the 1500s a scientific revolution began to sweep Europe. Thinkers started using scientific methods and experiments to try to better understand the world and the creatures living in it. Eventually these methods were turned to the question of human origins” (The Nature Of Human Origins, 1). Earth made it possible for species to change over time because Ancient Earth provides ability to plenty of time.The Homo Sapien a is very complex creature. The species started off very simple by living in caves and surviving with little food and then later evolved into a species that were able to do many more complex things. The first species was Sahelanthropus tchadensis They were one of the most simple humans in that time period and on. They had very small skulls compared to Homo Sapiens today and their motor skills were just the same. We have evolved and changed for the better both mentally and physically. The Evolution of Homo Sapiens started off simple, such as the Neanderthals, and now we are the most advanced species to ever walk the planet so far.
Erikson believed that people develop in psychosocial stages. He emphasized developmental change throughout the human life span. In Erikson's theory, eight stages of development result as we go through the life span. Each stage consists of a crisis that must be faced. According to Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point. The more an individual resolves the crises successfully, the healthier development will be.
There are two different ways to break down the prenatal time period: by trimester or by periods. The first period is called the germinal period. This time frame consists of the first fourteen days of the baby’s development starting with conception. During these two weeks, the fertilized egg makes it’s way into the uterus for implantation in the lining of the uterus. The next period, the embryonic period starts here. The embryonic period lasts the third through the eighth week of pregnancy. During this time period, according to Kathleen Stassen Burger, Author of The Developing Person: Through Childhood and Adolescence, “…the formless mass of cells becomes a distinct being-not yet recognizably human, but worthy of a new name, embryo” (Burg...
This is the embryonic period, which occurs three weeks after conception and lasts until the eighth week. During the fourth week, the shape of the head begins to form, along with the formation of the eyes, mouth, nose, and mouth. Through the fifth and eighth week the lower body develops, as the legs and arms appear. After the embryonic stage, the fetal stage begins, which is during the ninth week through birth, where the fetus has a physical appearance distinctive to human features compared to when it was an embryo. At birth, one of the earliest signs of motor development is its first reflexes as a newborn coming out the mother’s womb. Newborns reflexes are not learned, rather they are born with these reflexes and act instinctively to protect itself in its first few months of life. At this point both the physical and motor development is starting to develop naturally at the same
Individuals’ life and personal experiences play an important role in one’s development. As a matter of fact, the path from infancy to adulthood can be shaped by many factors that happen during the individual’s life. According to Drewery and Claiborne (2010), human development is an area of study that seeks to analyse and understand how ongoing changes affect people’s life and their development. There are many theories around human development, yet all of them share the notion that there are several universal stages that take place in every individual’s development: childhood, adolescence and adulthood (Drewery & Claiborne, 2010). This current essay aims to explore and analyse one of the three life stages that characterised human development:
Prenatal: zygotes are fewer than half of all fertilized eggs, an embryo is result of a process in which the zygote’s inner cells form the inside and it’s outer cells form the placenta. By this process, the embryo is able to receive oxygen and nutrients via the placenta’s connection to the uterine wall. This allows for the embryo’s organs to begin to form and function. 9 weeks after conception, a fetus will begin to take its unmistakable human shape (Myers 119). As the heart begins to beat, the fetus goes through prenatal stages of development in which the fetus is able to interact with audible stimuli, as well as physical stimuli such as vibration. Other than sounds and sensations, the mother shares nutrients and oxygen
stage (age 0 - 22), the early adulthood stage (age 17 - 45), the middle adult
In every human’s life, development reflects both continuity and discontinuity. One aspect of the continuity discontinuity issue concerns whether the changes we undergo over the life span are gradual or abrupt. Continuity theorists view human development as a process that occurs in small steps, without sudden changes. In contrast discontinuity theorists picture the course of development as more like a series of stair steps, each of which elevates the individual to a new and more advanced level of functioning when an adolescent rather rapidly gains six inches in height and achieves sexual maturity. These changes may seem quite discontinuous. There are several theorists that have explored the continuity and discontinuity process.
The infancy stage of development begins with the child is born, and continues until about eighteen months. During this stage a lot of growth takes place, especially physical growth. This stage of development coincides with Erikson’s stage of trust vs. mistrust.