Personal security of soldiers in armed combat involved developing methods of protecting the body from mortal wounds, thus increasing the survivability rate of one’s forces. The solution for Hittites was body amour and shields. The Hittites body amour was composed of overlapping bronze scales that deflected or trapped arrows. In addition, the Hittites wore bronze helmets as well to protect the head against arrows and blows from axes. For additional protection in close combat, especially from edged weapons, a shield was used to parry attacks. The Hittites favored two types of shields, the circular and figure eight, believed to be utilized by the Chariot squad. Both were lightweight, constructed of wood and overlaid with leather (Bryce (Bryce Trevor, 2007, p. 19).
The earliest recorded evidence of any organized warfare in Egypt is in 3000 BC, the war that resulted in the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Narmer, the fist king of Egypt. But, in recent years the German Archaeological Institute has uncovered new artifacts that suggest a much earlier time period for warfare in Egypt. At the upper Egyptian site of Abydos the Institute has found so much new cultural material that a Dynasty ‘0”, (3150-3050 BC) has been created. Artifacts found Abydos and Nekhen from Dynasty “0” suggest that the Egyptians may have been engaged in some type organized warfare some 150 years before Narmer and the war of unification. Ceremonial maces and slate palettes have been found depicting violent militaristic scenes with use of the same weapons utilized by the First Dynasty (Morkot, 2003, p. xxxvi).
Through military expansion, Egypt grew over centuries and became an empire controlling most of the ancient Middle East. Its territory extended nor...
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Mark Schwartz, P. (2010). B.C. Battles: Raging Chariots History Channel.
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The Chronicle of the French Occupation, 1798 – Napoleon in Egypt, was written by the Egyptian born scholar and jurist, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti (c. 1753-c.1825) between 1798 and 1801, framing the French occupation of Egypt. Both the Middle East and Europe, during the late 17th century were in a state of redefinition. Although the chronicle had covered only the brief period during first seven months of 36, it serves as a crucial accounting. Clearly illustrated is a paradigmatic shift between a modern culture and an antiquated system with a chronicle of events that swings between something that is merely observational to something written by an emotionally charged spectator. Although the work has been widely accepted, there is still some speculation as to degrees of censorship and possible omissions through various translations.
Campbell, J.B., and Tritle, Lawrence A. THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF WARFARE IN THE CLASSICAL WORLD. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. Print
McGuigan, Cathleen. "Theater Of War." Newsweek 151.14 (2008): 52-53. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 28 Mar. 2010.
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any nation in the world. Written history of Egypt dates back to about 5,000 years, the commencement of civilization. While there is divergence in relation to Early Egyptian times, it is said that Egypt came to be around 3200 B.C., during the reign of a king by the name of Menes and unified the northern and southern cities of Egypt into one government. In 1675 B.C., Egypt was invaded by the Hyksos, people from the east, bringing along the very first of chariots and horses ever to come across Egyptian soil. Approximately 175 years later in 1500 B.C., the Egyptians had gotten rid of the Hyksos and driven them out. In 1375 B.C., Amenhotep IV had become the king of Egypt. During his reign he eliminated the worship of Egyptian gods and initiated the idea of only worshipping one god. But after his death, his ideas were retired and old ways were reestablished. Egyptian supremacy then started to decline around 1000 B.C. Between 1000 B.C. and 332 B.C., Egypt was ruled by many such as the Libyans, Assyrians, Ethiopians, and Persians. In 640, Muslims conquered Egypt and founded the city of Cairo in 969 and deemed it as the capital of Egypt. For many centuries Egypt was ruled by Muslim caliphs. A prominent ruler of this period was Saladin, who battled the Christian Crusaders at the conclusion of the twelfth century. In 1798 Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt but was then forced to withdraw in 1801 Turkish and British armed forces. In 1805 Mohamed Ali began ruling Egypt till 1848 and great changed the country in terms of modernization and its military. During Mohamed’s conquest, he borrowed a lot of money from the French and British, which later resulted in Egypt’s coloniza...
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Military History: The Definitive Visual Guide to the Objects of Warfare. New York: DK Publishing, Inc., 2012. Print.
Training was hard for these great warriors, they often trained at special gladiator schools, the largest of which was connected to the great Coliseum by underground passages. Here they learned how to fight skillfully with swords, daggers, nets, chains, and an...
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The Art of War is a treatise written in Ancient China that discusses the most and least effective military strategies for successful warfare according to Sun Tzu, a military general whose existence is still debated to this day. While not every military commander in the history of warfare has read it, the strategies provided can be used as a way to assess said commanders and the effectiveness of their campaigns. In Sun Tzu 's own words, “The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed!”1 This paper will discuss various iconic battles throughout history and how closely the leading commanders of each army followed the advice of Sun Tzu. Despite the fact that Sun Tzu lived hundreds of years before many of these battles took place, the
Warfare was in a state of transition. Older commanders and generals in the French and British militaries were very cavalry and infantry focused. These commanders believed that cavalry, infantry, and artillery would assure victory in any circumstance, against any foe. They clung to the static tactics of the bygone World War I era. World War I had been fought primarily on French soil, and the military as well as the government never wanted that to happen again, therefore they wanted to reinforce their main border against any future German. Little did they know that only twenty two years later they would be bested by German forces in a way that would shock the world. This research will be analyzing many important assumptions, oversights,...
Rothenberg, Gunther E. Review of Battle: A History of Combat and Culture, by John A.
Amarna Letters, c.1390, j. Breasted, date of translation is unknown, The Zenith of Egyptian power and the region of Amenhotep III, Tushratta, N.P
Ancient Egypt occupied the role of the leading civilization for nearly thirty centuries. After the unification of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt in 3100 B.C.E., the unified nation prevailed until it was conquered in 332 B.C.E. by Alexander the Great. The success and longevity of the Egyptians are due to their geographic position allowing natural fortification of their territory and the Nile River, which is an important economic asset, the pharaoh’s power allowing for continued unity, as well as their bureaucratic system maintaining stability throughout the nation.
Wilkinson, Toby A. H.. The rise and fall of ancient Egypt. New York: Random House, 2010. Print.
ROLE OF EGYPT IN THE FATIMID DYNASTY'S IMPERIAL DESIGN (IRAQ)." Order No. 8621295, University of Michigan, 1986. http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=