Effect of the administration of etoricoxib using nanotechnology for the treatment of experimental arthritis in a mouse model
1: Summary
Inflammation is a basic yetcomplex process that protects the body by eliminating both the causes and consequences of injury, such as microbes, toxins, and necrotic cells. Therefore, plasma proteins, circulating cells, and tissue phagocytes(the body’s defenders against foreign invaders) must be recruited to the extravascular space in order to rid the organism of these factors(Kumar et al.,2010). Recent advances in nanomedical research have provided scientists with nanocarrierswithmany unique and tunable properties to match the specific requirements for the treatment of variousinflammatory diseases.
Etoricoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that selectively inhibits isoform 2 of the enzyme cyclooxygenase(cox-2). The drugis approved for use in more than 70 countries worldwide for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and osteoarthritis. Although it is available for the treatment of many inflammatory conditions, its low bioavailability and nontargetedbiodistribution often limit its success in controlling disease symptoms.
Neutral nanoparticles with sizes smaller than that of the vascular-pore cutoff are likely to escape surface opsonization and will have significantly low uptake by the reticuloendothelial system. These particles will circulate longer in the blood and can be passively targeted to inflamed tissues. On the other hand, particles intended for uptake by macrophages should be larger and contain distinct surface charges to facilitate their interaction and internalization by macrophages (Moghimi et al., 2001). Therefore, nanoencapsulation of etori...
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...ng the General Linear Model procedure inSPSS (2004).
5: Utilization/Contribution of Research
Results in addressing development issues in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Arthritis is a widespread, chronic inflammatory disease involving damage to the joints of the body. Rheumatoid arthritis, the most common form of inflammatory arthritis, isa destructive joint disease that may affect 0.5-1% of the population in the industrialized world, leading to significant disability and a reduction in quality of life (Lee and Weinblatt, 2001; Smolen and Steiner, 2003). The results of this research will provide a means of improving the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by saving the time and effort involved with suboptimal treatment, and as such the investigations proposed here will result in increased overall productivity of the population ofthe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
... the majority of the patients taking Etoricoxib. However, additional recommendations in light of the two patients with incomplete system records would help clarify the indication for the prescription of this specific drug. These include:
Kaneko A. Tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis: efficacy, safety and its place in therapy.Therapeutic advances in chronic disease. 2013; 4 (1): 15--21.
Atherosclerosis is a pathological condition that underlies several important adverse vascular events such as stroke, cerebrovascular disease, Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). etc. [1]. It is responsible for most of the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Western World currently [2]. As a result of the adoption of the western life style, its prevalence is increasing all over the world and could likely reach epidemic status in the coming future [2]. Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arterial wall whose underlying pathogenesis involves an imbalanced lipid metabolism and a maladaptive immune response involving chronic inflammation of the arterial wall [1]. Leukocyte trafficking shapes the disturbed equilibrium of lipid accumulation, immune responses and their clearance and homeostasis, and this leukocyte trafficking is governed by chemokines and their receptors [1]. Chemokines are a superfamily of small structurally related chemotactic cytokines, which are involved in leukocyte trafficking and activation [3]. Chemokines have been found to play major roles in selectively recruiting monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, as well as in inducing chemotaxis through the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors [4]. Additionally, chemokines and their receptors have been identified as key players in the progression of atherosclerosis, thus they are explored in order to find therapeutic targets to prevent or treat Atherosclerosis and by targeting the chemokine system various entry points for a causative treatment are offered [5]. In this essay, the role of chemokine system in atherosclerosis is visited, the strategies employed to target chemokines as a therapeutic pathway for atherosclerosis and clinical trials undertaken ...
Rheumatoid arthritis is not curable. Medications will be recommended to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, slow the progression of RA, and save joints and tissues from permanent damage (Rheumatoid Arthritis, 2017). The most common medications are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD), e.t.c. When having RA, it is important to exercise regularly, apply heat or cold to affected areas, relax, and eat healthy. Physical therapy is usually part of treatment for RA. The goal is to stimulate the bones, muscles, and joints to give them strength and flexibility (Physical Therapy for RA, n.d.). Foods that have lots of omega-3 (fish, chia seeds, flax seeds, and walnuts), high antioxidants like vitamin A, E, and C (berries, dark chocolate, spinach, kidney beans, pecans, and artichokes), and lots of fiber can help reduce inflammation (Foods that fight RA inflammation,
...ients suffering chiefly from insomnia, but I would consider prescribing it to patients with rheumatoid arthritis or similar illnesses as a mild sleep aid.
PCSK9 inhibitors are a set of cholesterol lowering agents that particularly are used in high risk patient populations. "PCSK9 inhibitors fill an obvious therapeutic niche in selective high-risk patients, such as FH or statin-intolerant patients, who are not able to achieve the desired LDL-C level with conventional treatments," (Iftikhar J. Kullo, 2015)
In this case study, our concern goes for the chitosan nanoparticles; firstly nanoparticles are able to adsorb and/or encapsulate a drug, thus protecting it against chemical and enzymatic degradation. Furthermore the encapsulated drug may be prevented from crystallization, thus forming a solid solution. Depending on drug solubility in the carrier, a drug load varying from only a few percent up to 50%] Secondly, chitosan is ...
Osteoarthritis is not a curable condition, but it can be treated using both pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods. Mild analgesics are a common form of treatment for OA, including Acetaminophen and NSAIDs, taking into consideration other co-morbidities that may be present. It is recommended that adults over 75 years of age utilize topical NSAIDs rather than oral for treatment of the pain (Tugwell et al, 2012). Research by A...
Arthritis affects people of all age groups. More than 100 types of arthritis are known. Among these osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis having the highest incidence. One of the major causes of chronic debilitation in industrialized nations is Osteoarthritis which results from damage to the joints, which may be due to trauma, infection, or age-related wear. Rheumatoid arthritis is encountered less frequently than osteoarthritis and is estimated to affect around one per cent of the world’s population. Amongst patients of Rheumatoid arthritis, women are three times more likely to be affected by this condition than men. This condition is caused by an inflammatory process where the body starts attacking itself. Rheumatoid arthritis also affects several joints, with inflammation sometimes seen in and around the lungs, the heart, the eyes and the skin. The most commonly reported complaint by arthritis patients is pain. The pain might be from the joint itself and be a result of inflammation, damage from the disease, or through daily wear and tear. Muscle pain is also common and is caused by having to force movements against stiff and painful joints. Although range of movement in the affected joint may be limited and uncomfortable, physical exercise has been shown to benefit those with arthritis. Physical therapy has been shown to significantly improve function, decrease pain in the long term and delay the need for surgery in advanced cases. The majority of arthritis cases occur among theelderly, however the disease can occur in children as well. Over 70% of the population that get affected by arthritis in North America are over the age of 65 (4). The disease occurs more commonly in females than males in all races, age groups, and ethn...
It is used for the treatment of arthritis and also for treating the back pain, shoulder pain and knee pain.
Arthritis is a disease that causes pain and inflammation in the joints. It occurs due to the immune system having negative reactions to the joints. The immune system perceives the joints as bacteria and therefore attacks it causing inflammation. The most common types of arthritis are rheumatoid, psoriatic, and osteoarthritis. Psoriatic arthritis is common among the psoriasis victims. Often, a person first suffers from psoriasis and then later accompanied by psoriatic arthritis. Psoriasis is a health condition that is characterized by red patches with silvery scales on the surface of the skin. There have been claims that fish oil can remedy this kind of arthritis. Below are the justifications;
Rheumatoid Arthritis is when the joints are chronically inflamed, which happens because it is an autoimmune disease which means that the immune system attacks the body tissues. Although Rheumatoid Arthritis mainly affects the joints, it can also affect other organs.
Bibliography: Arthritis Foundation, Understanding Arthritis (1986); Kelley, William N., et al., eds., Textbook of Rheumatology, 2d ed., (1985); McCarty, Daniel F., ed., Arthritis and Allied Conditions, 11th ed. (1988); Moll, J. M. H., Rheumatology in Clinical Practice (1987).
...minophen (NIH).” Additionally, Hydroxyurea (Droxia) is prescribed that diminishes the rate of recurrence of pain and acute chest-syndrome in patients.
Enhanced Nutrient Delivery: Nano-encapsulating improves the solubility of antioxidants, vitamins, healthy omega oils and other neutraceuticals