To the investigated bioactive potential of the venom from Conus inscriptus were carried out from Mumbai coast, by charactering them bio-medically and pharmaceutically. Partial purification of the crude extract was done using DEAE cellulose anion exchange chromatography. The crude protein content was found to be maximum 342.0 µg/ml and minimum 60.5 µg/ml. The mice bioassay for lethality was performed on male albino mice showed 45 min 15 sec at 1 ml dose; 60 min 48 sec at 0.75 ml; 100 min at 0.50 ml. The crude venom exhibited hemolytic activity on chicken erythrocytes, which was estimated as 4 HU. Analgesic activity test was carried out on albino mice by tail flick method. The crude venom exhibited neuro-stimulatory response on mice brain AChE activity. The activity increases with increase in concentration. Crude extract venom yielded 5 band by 12.0% SDS-PAGE). The present study reveals the pharmacological potential of the crude venom of Conus inscriptus to be helpful for a better assessment of the clinical manifestations produced by the venomous marine animals.
Key words: Conus inscriptus; hemolytic activity; SDS-PAGE; venom; AChE activity
The cone snail venoms represent the “the biggest gold mine” of new and potentially useful toxins. Conus peptides have also been directly developed as drug candidates that have most promising anti-convulsant properties and compares well to the commercial antiepileptic medications currently available in the market[1]. Cone snail venoms are considered as untapped reservoir of extremely diverse peptides, displaying a wide array of pharmacological activities[2]. The bioactive components of Conus venom are mostly small highly structured peptides that are called conopeptides typically 10-30 amino acid...
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...rding the behavioural changes before death.
Hemolytic study:
The haemolytic activity of crude venom on chicken was tested by micro haemolytic method by Prasad and Venkateshvaran[18]. The blood was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 5 minutes, the supernatant was discarded and the pellet suspended in normal saline (pH 7.4). The procedure was repeted thrice and 1 % erythrocyte suspension was prepared by adding 99 ml normal saline to 1 ml of packed RBC.
The micro haemolytic test was performed in 96 well ‘U’ bottom microtitre plates. A row was selected for chicken erythrocyte suspensions. Serial two fold dilutions of the crude venom (100 µL; 1 mg crude in 1 ml PBS) were made in PBS (pH 7.2) starting from 1:2 ratio. An equal volume of 1% erythrocyte was added to all the wells. The plate was shaken to mix the RBC and venom extract. The plates were incubated at room temperature f
Haemolytic colonies were classified by a white ring around the patched colony, indicating that haemolysis of the blood agar occurred. Conversely, non-haemolytic colonies were classified by a lack of a white ring, which indicated that no haemolysis took place.
A defining feature of the lionfish which everyone sees are the “18 venomous spines on its dorsal fin and its pelvic and anal fins, which are used for defense” as described in FACE OFF WITH THE ENEMY: LIONFISH by Special To The Citizen. Which is a neurotoxin that results in intense pain and swelling of one’s body. Fernando Simal, a marine hunter at STINAPA National Marine Park, found out the potency of their venom after his first hunt when being stung by the lionfish he caug...
Although blood transfusions in the veterinary market are infrequent and the market scope is limited, Oxyglobin has the potential to become a lucrative investment for Biopure. Based on the approximate 355,000 blood transfusions (please see Exhibit 1 for the calculations behind this estimate) performed on animals in 1995, a definite opportunity exists for Oxyglobin within the veterinary blood market. Since the number of blood transfusions conducted in 1995 represented on average only 2.5% of animals suffering from acute blood loss, increased availability of animal blood could possibly stimulate the market.
Nigam, P. K. and Anjana Nigam. “Botulinum Toxin.” Indian Journal of Dermatology 55.1 (2010): n.p. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.
Botulism is a rare but very serious paralytic illness that is caused by the botulinum toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum is a gram positive, anaerobic, spore forming bacterium that is naturally occurring in soil. Botulism dates back to the eighteenth century when the first food borne botulism was documented. During this time many people were doing home fermented sausages and this was thought to be the cause of botulism. This is how the toxin got its name since “Botulism” in Latin comes from “botulus” which means sausage. E. van Ermengen was the first to discover the microbe in 1897 after there was a food borne outbreak in Ellezelles, Belgium. To date there are six forms of botulism but only two forms were known until the twentieth century which were food borne and wound botulism. The first type of botulism is food borne which is a result of ingesting food that contains the pre-form toxin. Some foods that this typically occurs in are home canned vegetables, cured pork and ham and smoked or raw fish. Wound botulism is the result of C. botulinum spores growing in a contaminated wound with in vivo production. Most people that get wound botulism usually have deep and contained avascular areas and many people also had compound fractures. Wound botulism is on the rise in the U.S. because of the use of illicit drugs, “the majority were linked to injectable drug use, particularly with so-called ‘black tar heroin’ and others with nasal or sinus lesions due to chronic cocaine sniffing.” (CDC website) Another form of botulism is infant botulism. This is caused from the endogenous production of toxin germinating spores of C. botulinum in the intestines of the infants. Also feeding an infant...
Glazer, G., K. A. Myers, and E. R. Davies. "Ergot poisoning." Postgraduate medical journal 42.491 (1966): 562-568.Google Scholar. Web. 26 Feb 2014.
“The Basilisk can grow up to fifty feet in length, looking directly into it’s eyes will instantly kill anyone. It’s skin armoured like that of a dragon 's, which deflects spells cast upon it, and the venom of one of these snakes is so powerful that it can kill a person within minutes. Moreover, basilisk venom is an extremely poisonous substance that only has one known cure: phoenix tears”(Basilisk).
Ever since ancient times , poisons have been used for many purposes across the extent of human existence. Throughout its history , poisons/venoms were first used by ancient tribes & civilizations as a hunting tool to ensure a quick death of their prey. As the years progress , venoms were commonly used in fictional films , initially starting out in the United States. Venoms are poisonous substances that come from venomous creatures such as snakes & spiders. Most of the times, when venoms/poisons are used in movies , it is categorized as Sci - Fi. The reason being is because usually the toxins being used are fictional and whom the toxin used by , the toxin turns them (character) into a supernatural character with supernatural abilities. If this is not the case , then the toxin does what it’s suppose to do , which is to poison the victim and kills he/she.
Sepsis is defined as an exaggerated, overwhelming and uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response to an initially localised infection or tissue injury, which may lead to severe sepsis and septic shock if left untreated (Daniels, 2009; Robson & Daniels, 2013; Dellinger et al, 2013; Perman, Goyal & Gaieski, 2012; Vanzant & Schmelzer, 2011). Septic shock can be classified by acute circulatory failure as a result of massive vasodilation, increased capillary permeability and decreased vascular resistance in the body, causing refractory hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation. This leads to irreversible tissue ischaemia, end organ failure and ultimately, death (McClelland & Moxon, 2014; Sagy, Al-Qaqaa & Kim, 2013, Dellinger et al, 2013).
Arnon, S. S. (2001). Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon. Medical and Public Health Managment, 1059-2081. Retrieved from http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/botulism/botulismconsensus.pdf
...rane configurations, and release mediators of inflammation. Most venoms affect the muscle or nervous system, but most human reactions to jellyfish stings are consistent and the severity varies more. (Bailey, 2003) Sponges and Hydroids usually have the mildest venom among cnidarian, with the exception of some species. They usually only result in slight inflammation. Some species of jellyfish will also give a slight sting that causes inflammation. The most severe stings are caused by the Physalia species, scyphozoans, and cubozoans. (Bailey, 2003) These can give stings that cause loss of consciousness, edemas, muscle spasm, heart failure, coma, or death. (Bailey, 2003) This is just a very short list of the symptoms from cnidarian stings. This quick, and effective, firing system combined with potent venom makes many cnidarians the most venomous organisms known to man.
Animal testing is an act of barbarism, the fact that animals are being bred to be a victim of crude experiments and then euthanized is cruel. An Eye Irritancy Test is a test in which albino rabbits have a substance entered into their eyes that are held open with clips for seven to eighteen days. The rabbits are confined in stocks with only their heads protruding while experimenters record the damage of the eye tissue which can vary to being swollen eyelids, inflamed irises, ulceration, bleeding, massive deterioration, and blindness. Many rabbits break their necks as they struggle to escape from the pain. Another savage test is an Acute Toxicity Test, also known as lethal doses, or poisoning tests. This test determines the amount of a substance that will kill a percentage of a group of test animals. Substances are forced into the animal’s body by tubes to the stomach, cuts to the throat, introduced to the eyes, mixed into food or inhaled through a gas mask. Reactions to this test can include convulsions, heavy breathing, diarrhea, constipation, emaciation, contortion, skin eruptions, and bleeding. The testing period continues until at least half of the animals die, approximately two to four weeks. Keep in mind, anesthesia is absent during these procedures.
Microscopy will be performed on the patient to establish the type of malaria parasite and the number of these parasites in his/her blood sample. The blood sample can be extracted through a finger stab and then made into thick and thin films, and examined severally using a 100x oil immersion objective after staining them with Romanovsky stain (Warrell, Cox, & Firth, 2005, p. 734). By observation, the species of plasmodium can be seen and the number of them established
Plasmodium falciparum, this is the most deadly out of all 4 to humans this lies in the salivary glands of the mosquito and it is transmitted to humans by the females of the Anopheles of the mosquito. As the mosquito takes the blood from the human during the process it only injects a tiny amount of its saliva into the skin wound, with this the saliva has antihemostatic molecules and anti-inflammatory enzymes within it which slow the body’s natural blood clotting process and produces the itching/stinging pain.
There are few animals in the world that have as medically significant biology as mosquitoes. Carrying diseases that annually kill thousands, if not millions, of people worldwide, mosquitoes and the way they interact with pathogens are topics of concern for many researchers. As invertebrates, mosquitoes possess various immune responses designed to rid themselves of pathogens. Study of these immune responses has led to a deeper understanding of the ways in which the immune cells of mosquitoes, hemocytes, function and serve the purpose of killing the invasive pathogen. In conjunction with the circulatory system of the mosquito, these immune cells react in various ways upon infection with a pathogen such as a bacterium or virus. The Hillyer Lab