Introduction
Natural rubber latex or commonly abbreviated as NRL is a liquid milky sap which was tapped from Hevea brasiliensis, trees which were originally from region of South America. It has rubber content of 33% which was suspended in 65% of water and contained 2% of protein. NRL is chemically known as 1,4-cis-polyisoprene. Production of NRL has grown rapidly and its main used was as manufacturing of gloves [1]. In order to improve mechanical properties of these products, several studies had been done using silica, calcium carbonate, montmorillonite (MMT), kaolin as fillers to reinforce vulcanizates [2-5].
Kaolin is one of clay material that is widely used in certain field of applications. It is categorized as minerals with chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4 and has silicate mineral layer with one of tetrahedral sheet joined to one of octahedral sheet via oxygen atom. Kaolinites have high shrink-swell and low cation exchange capacity. They have varieties of chemical composition depend on physical and chemical changes to environment where they were discovered. The main fact of kaolin utilization in industry is due to its surface reactivity and properties which were able to be modified [6]. From previous study done by Yahaya et al, it is observed that kaolin could be treated further by modifying its surface with oil tea seed results in organo modified kaolin [5].
In this study the kaolin is modified by alkanolamide, derived from oleochemicals materials, Refinery Bleach Deodorant Palm Stearin (RBDPS). It is expected that alkanolamide could role as compatibilizer between kaolin and NRL matrix since alkanolamide is usually used as non-ionic surfactants in the household and cosmetic industries [7]. Keamkumay et al in his research u...
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...al Properties of Kaolin Clay, Applied Science Research (2012), 4(2), 792-794.
[7] A.Adewuyi, R.A. Oderinde, B.V.S.K.Rao, R.B.N. Prasad, Synthesis of Alkanolamide: a Nonionic Surfactant from the Oil of Gliricidia sepium, J. Surfact Deterg (2012, 15), 89-96.
[8] I.Surya, H.Ismail, A.R. Azura, Alkanolamida as an accelerator, filler-dispersant and a plasticizer in silica-filled natural rubber compounds. Polymer Testing (2013), doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.07.015.
[9] D.C. Blackley, Polymer Latices Science and Technology. Second Edition. Volume 3: Applications of Latices. Chapman & Hall : London, 1997, pp.191.
[10] D.C. Blackley, Polymer Latices Science and Technology. Second Edition. Volume 2: Types of Latices. Chapman & Hall : London, 1997, pp.457-458
[11] P.A. Ciullo, S. Robinson, Kaolin clay: Functional Optical Additives, Paint & Coatings Industry, 2003, pp.42.
Kimmeridge Clay is arguably the most economically important unit of rocks in the whole of Europe since constitutes one of the main North Sea source rock, however over onshore England and Wales, it has log responses and distinctive physical properties. Such rocks are of prime interest to oil industry while...
However, low HLB surfactants may also be an important component of oral lipid-based formulation by behaving as a coupling agent for the high HLB surfactants and the lipophilic solvent components, as well as contributing to solubilization by remaining associated with the lipophilic solvent post-dispersion. Moreover, using a blend of high and low HLB surfactants may also lead to more rapid dispersion and finer emulsion droplet size upon addition to an aqueous phase [36, 48, 49, 51–55]. Thus, in this study, we decided to mix Tween 80 (high HLB value) with Carbitol (low HLB value) to identify the most effective combination emulsifying with three chosen oils. The size of the emulsion droplets decreased as the HLB value of surfactant mixture reached the required HLB (Table 2). In the case of soybean oil, the smallest size was 277 ± 2.49 nm obtained at 20:80 (v/v) ratio of Tween 80:Carbitol). In the cases of ethyl oleate (Tween 80:Carbitol, 90:10, v/v) and IPM (Tween 80:Carbitol, 60:40), the smallest droplet sizes were 2.9 ± 0.170 and 10.5 ± 0.596 nm, respectively. These results show that the combination of Tween 80 and Carbitol had extremely good emulsifying ability, resulting in a fine emulsion in the cases of using ethyl oleate and IPM oil. The results of the visual test (Fig. 1) are parallel to the results of droplet size measurements. The combinations that had a smaller droplet size of 100
The percent yield was 26%, and the melting point of the product was 170c-172c. According to these results, it can be considered that there are a high range of reactant in the product because the melting point for Ferrocene is 172 and for Acetylferrocene is about 81-83. It is also showed that the product is not pure, and also the TLC was run.
The cationic surfactant molecules obtained from Mannich bases possess excellent fungicidal property along with good biocidal property against Gram-positive
In a phenomenon termed the “hydrophobic effect”, 4 surfactants act the way they do in
Such as Potassium Carbonate ( CK2O3 ) has an average mass of 138.206 Da. It’s appearance is a powder that is white in color. It is stable and incompatible with moisture and acids.Potassium carbonate is used in pharmaceutical labs to help aid in the drying process. Potassium Nitrate ( KNO3) has an average mass of 101.103 Da with a colorless crystal appearance or in white powder form. It is soluble in water, glycerol, and liquid NH3. It is stable and a strong oxidizer that has a melting point at 334 degrees celsius.Potassium nitrate is found in fertilizers, gunpowder, and in fireworks. Potassium hydrogen carbonate ( KHCO3 ) has an average mass of 100.115 Da and is stable. It also has a white powder or crystal appearance with a melting point at 100 degrees
rapid development of polymer chemistry after World War II a host of new synthetic fibers
A group of polymer chains can be organised together in a fiber. How the polymer chains are put together is important, as it improves the properties of the material. The flexibility, strength and stiffness of Kevlar fiber, is dependent on the orientation of the polymer chains. Kevlar fiber is an arrangement of molecules, orientated parallel to each other. This orderly, untangled arrangement of molecules is described as a “Crystalline Structure”. A manufacturing process known as ‘Spinning’ is needed to achieve this Crystallinity structure. Spinning is a process that involves forcing the liquefied polymer solution through a ‘die’ (small holes).
The most commonly produced PVC structure by addition polymerisation is the atactic PVC. As seen in Figure #, the chlorine atoms are branched randomly and asymmetrically along the carbon backbone. Unlike the other two structures, the random orientation prevents the polymers from packing closely together and is described to be ‘amorphous’.
After forming 1,1-diphenylethanol, we washed the crude sample (1,1-diphenylethanol with impurities) with cold hexane to remove impurities such as acetophenone and bromobenzene. Cold hexane was added (rather than ambient temperature hexane) to minimize 1,1-diphenylethanol
The experiment used Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), a purple substance; Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), a yellow substance; and Methylene Blue, a blue substance. These substances have molecular weights, 158 g/mole, 294 g/mole and 374 g/mole. A petri dish containing agar-water gel with three wells was obtained as shown in Figure 1. Each well was labelled as potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate and methylene blue. One drop of every prepared substance was carefully placed into its respective wells in the agar-water gel using a dropper. The petri dish was immediately covered to avoid the possible effects of other foreign factors. The substances, each having specific colors, spread in the agar-water gel as shown in
Bardone, E., Bravi, M. and Keshavarz, T. (2014). Synthesis and Characterizations of Poly (Lactic Acid) by Ring-Opening Polymerization for Biomedical Applications. 1st ed. [ebook] AIDIC. Available at: http://www.aidic.it/cet/14/38/056.pdf [Accessed 24 Jul.
chains instead of hydrogen atoms. Cross-linking is another way in which the polymer can be made stronger. This involves ultraviolet radiation that bombards the polymer with electrons and formulates bonds between the molecular chains of the polymers. This is like linear polyethylene but different in that it is more impact resistant, and it has a much higher density. This allows it to be stored or be used with different chemicals that would normally cause the polymer to desolve.3 This can start to become a problem because as the polymer continues to become chemically enhanced. So the ways of dissolving and recycling the polymer become more difficult.
Initially, rubber has existed for an extensive period of time. When viewing the “early history of rubber development, [there] is evidence that rubber existed even before Columbus’ time” (Robert, E.A. 1952, p. 77). One of the earlier uses of rubber was documented in a Mexican Tribe where the natives of Mexico and West Indies played games using elastic balls (Robert, E.A. 1952, p. 77). Many scientists attempted to establish “suitable solvents for rubber since its arrival in Europe as a raw material in the late 1700s, however none had been successful” (Backer, C. 1997, p.14). Furthermore, it is relevant to say that the rubber industry was primarily established in Europe by Charles Macintosh, who was an industrial chemist in 1818 (Backer, C. 1997, p.14). Later on, the rubber industry began to devel...
My main aim during my undergraduate studies was to get an overview of the various fields in chemical engineering and identify a field of interest in which I could pursue my research career. Because of their vast applications, Materials & Polymer Sciences, in general, have attracted m...