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a critique of orientalism
orientalism introduction
orientalism introduction
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Edward Said was a Palestinian-American literary scholar, one of the famous intellectuals in the world, and a political activist. He is best known for his theory on “Orientalism”, and the conception of the East by the West as a result of a relationship of power. Said was born in 1935 in Jerusalem, grew up in Cairo and later on sent to study in the United States where he later on continued his studies and established his position as Professor at Columbia University. According to Said, his own special position as “a child growing up in two British colonies” and his life in the United State, forced him to confront his own Identity as Palestinian in a western society, and understand himself as “the Oriental subject”. The main event that helped …show more content…
According to said, this distinction is the foundation to many european theories, literature, social descriptions and political reports on the Orient and its people. The third meaning reflects a special way that the West is “dealing” with the Orients. Starting roughly at the late eighteen century, “Orientalism can be discussed and analyzed as the corporate institution for dealing with the Orient - dealing with it by making statements about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by teaching it, settling it, ruling over it: in short Orientalism as a western style of dominating ____ and having authority over the Orient.” Said describes the construction of the concept of Orientalism as a process of three historical stages that started from a relationship of familiarity and closes between the West - that was represented those days especially by France and Britain. The first stage took place until the early nineteen century, and included mostly “India and the Bible lands”. The second stage started at the beginning of the nineteen century and lasted until the end of World War Two and was based on a relationship of domination, and the third stage contains the shift of dominant power from Europe to The United …show more content…
His main point is that cultural knowledge as a collection of literature, music, art, academic research and more, is influenced by power and affect it. As opposes to the common believe that “true knowledge” is pure from all political influences, Sais argues that the researcher or the Author is always affected by him or her environment. Therefor any kind of knowledge whether it is scientific knowledge or art is “contiminated” by politics, and for that reason, every knowledge about the Orient will be affected by politics and power. However the European discourse of the Orient is not only affected by power but also is a type of power in itself by constructing and maintaining the Oriental way of thinking that keeps the hierarchy between the two entities and provides justification to the domination over the
Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2000.
Following World War II, the concrete nature of imperialism, or the subjection of people or groups based on a social, economical, or racial hierarchy, was seemingly in decline. For instance, India and Pakistan had both gained their independence from Britain in 1947 (p.761), and the French, though unwillingly, gave up their colonies in Vietnam (p.754), but with the development of the Cold War there became a need to ideologically separate the free “First World”, which was made up of western Europe and the United States, from the communist “Second World”, which was primarily made up by the Soviet Union. This separation unintentionally formed yet another hierarchy, and further perpetuated imperialistic notions. While the Soviets attempted to continue political imperialism in surrounding states to form a political and economic buffer from democratic nations, which due to globalization, or the mass integration of cultural and economic practices, would have been necessary to accomplish, many nations, such as the U.S., who subscribed to these democratic beliefs still counterintuitively practiced imperialism in their attempts to forcefully liberate communist nations based on the notion that their free way of life was superior to other’s communist status quo. Therefore, imperialism continued to surface through the dualist political line drawn by the Cold War, but also later through a need to stay competitive culturally and economically in a growing global community in states both subject to past colonizing nations, as well as the nations who relinquished their control over them.
One particular topic mentioned was that of Orientalism. The theory pertains to foreign views on one another. An example would be what Gallimard says to Toulon in M. Butterfly: “The Orientals simply want to be associated with whoever shows the most strength and power” (36). The East is seen as the weaker race by the West and is often referred to as feminine. Because they are seen as weaker, they would obviously want ...
First, let us examine how the West justified imperialism. Ideologically, they used Social Darwinism, “The White Man’s Burden”, masculinity versus effeminacy, “whiteness” versus “darkness”, and the civilizing mission (Age of Imperialism I, 31:57). Social
The sociology of imperialism seeks to define this phenomenon as an atavism in the social structure, in the specific person, in their psychological habits, which thus triggers an emotional reaction. According to Joseph A. Schumpeter - "The word imperialism has been abused as a slogan to the point where it threatens to lose all meaning. For whenever the word imperialism is used, there is always the implication - whether sincere or not - of an aggressiveness" (Conklin & Fletcher, 1999, p. 44). The history behind this word has lead us to view the corruption and destruction it has caused at the hands of people with perhaps to much power. This statement goes with debate because like it or not history in essence; has shown us that nations have pursued war for the sake of winning and expansion for the sake of expansion, we ...
He argues that world history should not be viewed as separate, unconnected cultures of east and west, but rather that they were all connected in multitudes of ways and must be studied as such. Pointing out the inadequate ideal of separating the world into two sections which are not equal in geography, culture, population, or history itself, he instead poses a solution to the world history viewpoint: Studying the world through its interrelations between cultures and geographical locations. Hodgson’s proposed view of large scale history not only makes sense theoretically, but logically as it proves through the pages that the history or the world cannot simply be divided, but must be studied as a whole to be truly
New imperialism was the mid nineteenth and twentieth centuries cultural equivalent to a modern day mafia, its roots entangled in the economic, cultural, and humanistic aspects of life. The sole objective of the nations entailed the exploitation of their controlled state. Gestating from the change in control of Asian and African nations to the Europeans by means of political deviance, malicious sieges, and strategic military attacks. The juxtaposition to the modern equivalent endures as the aforesaid is sheltered by the fairytale that these nations were in need of aid and by doing so the Europeans were the good guys. The ideas of new imperialism are greatly influenced by those of the enlightenment. Taking place during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the enlightenment was an intellectual movement with the goal of social progress (Genova, 1/11). Armed with scientific thought and reason, enlightenment thinkers set out to explore the fields of science, economics, and human nature. Brilliant minds such as Voltaire, Kant and others all across Western Europe collaborated to further knowledge. The enlightenment laid the foundation on which new imperialism sprung, embedding the ideas of an incessant need to explore not only the scientific world but the physical world as well. The enlightenments goals and ideas significantly influenced new imperialism, because the enlightenment created a need for new means and a purpose to accrue them.
Edward Said “States” refutes the view Western journalists, writers, and scholars have created in order to represent Eastern cultures as mysterious, dangerous, unchanging, and inferior. According to Said, who was born in Jerusalem at that time Palestine, the way westerners represent eastern people impacts the way they interact with the global community. All of this adds to, Palestinians having to endure unfair challenges such as eviction, misrepresentation, and marginalization that have forced them to spread allover the world. By narrating the story of his country Palestine, and his fellow countrymen from their own perspective Said is able to humanize Palestinians to the reader. “States” makes the reader feel the importance of having a homeland, and how detrimental having a place to call home is when trying to maintain one’s culture. Which highlights the major trait of the Palestinian culture: survival. Throughout “States”, Said presents the self-preservation struggles Palestinians are doomed to face due to eviction, and marginalization. “Just as we once were taken from one habitat to a new one we can be moved again” (Said 543).
Putnam states that, “reason always results from a balance between immanence to culture and traditions and transcendence to them (Bruce, 2011).”This means that the power of reasoning is the relationship between being a member of a culture and exceeding the culture. Two terms to be aware of for this paper are cultural relativism and cultural imperialism. Cultural relativism is variously represented as the view that "no point of view is more justified or right than any other;" the belief that “reason is whatever the norms of the local culture determine it to be;" and the doctrine that truth should be defined "in terms of the agreement of one 's 'cultural peers.’(Walsh 2010)” It explains the reasons why those from different cultures have a vastly different way of life. On the opposite spectrum is culture imperialism which says ‘there is our way, and the wrong way’. Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting and imposing a culture, usually of politically powerful nations over less potent societies. This can take various forms, such as an attitude, a formal policy, military action, so long as it reinforces hegemony (Mosteller,
To answer the question posed it necessary to first consider the development of, and what constitutes the West. Once this is achieved, we are than able to discuss occidentalism. However, the concept of orientalism, and what constitutes the orient, will first be considered as, arguably, orientalism provoked occidentalism. Thereafter, the four key features of occidentalism, identified by Buruma and Margalit (2004) will be discussed. Contemporary notions of ociddentalism, more specifically Islamic extremism will also be studied; of must importance here is if, or how, Buruma’s and Margalit’s (2004) theory of occidentalism aids our understanding of the perspective of those in resistance to the west.
Orientalism as termed by Edward Said is meant to create awareness of a constellation of assumptions that are flawed and underlying Western attitudes towards the Muslim societies. Evidence from his 1978 book “Orientalism”, states that the culture has been of influence and marred with controversy in post colonial studies and other fields of study. Moreover, the scholarship is surrounded by somehow persistent and otherwise subtle prejudice of Eurocentric nature, which is against Islam religion and culture (Windschuttle, 1999). In his book, Said illustrates through arguments, that the long tradition in existence containing romanticized images of Islamic stronghold regions i.e. Middle East, and the Western culture have for a long time served as implicit justifications for the European and American Imperial ambitions. In light of this, Said denounced the practice of influential Arabs who contributed to the internalization of Arabic culture ideas by US and British orientalists. Thus, his hypothesis that Western scholarship on Muslim was historically flawed and essentially continues to misrepresent the reality of Muslim people. In lieu to this, Said quotes that, “So far as the United States seems to be concerned, it is only a slight overstatement to say that Muslims and Arabs are essentially seen as either oil suppliers or potential terrorists. Therefore, very few details such as human density, the passion of Arab-Muslim life has entered the awareness of even the people whose profession revolve around reporting of the Arab world. Due to this, we have instead a series of crude, essentialized caricatures of the Islamic world presented in such a way as to make that world vulnerable to military aggression” (Said, 1980).
Orientalism is a tradition of Western representations of the Orient, created in the context of Western political dominance over the Orient, which understand and master the inferior.
According to Said, one definition of Orientalism is that it is a "style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between 'the Orient' and the 'Occident'." This is connected to the idea that Western society, or Europe in this case, is superior in comparison to cultures that are non-European, or the Orient. This means that Orientalism is a kind of racism held toward anyone not European. Said wrote that Orientalism was "a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the Orient." This Western idea of the Orient explains why so many European countries occupied lands they believed to be Oriental.
When in 1978 Edward W. Said published his book Orientalism, it presented a turning point in post-colonial criticism. He introduced the term Orientalism, and talked about 2 of its aspects: the way the West sees the Orient and the way the West controls the Orient. Said gave three definitions of Orientalism, and it is through these definitions that I will try to demonstrate how A Passage to India by E. M. Forster is an Orientalist text. First, Said defined Orientalism as an academic discipline, which flourished in 18th and 19th century.
Roberts (1985) cited in Hall (1996, p.187) define the modern history as “…the approach march to the age dominated by the West". In order to have a better understanding on such definition, we must first observe the established meaning of the so-called “the West”. According to Hall, in the discourse of the West and the Rest, the concept of the West is not simply based on geographical location, but rather on a type of society arising in the sixteenth century in Europe which shared a number of simi...