Educational Psychology
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Mr. ?
Psychology
16 Oct. 1996
The field of psychology that deals with the ability to solve educational problems and to improve educational situations is the field of educational psychology. Educational psychology is sometimes referred to as an applied field, meaning, one in which the objective is to solve immediate practical problems
(James 29).
The beginnings of educational psychology were initiated by Aristotle in his formulation of the laws of association. These laws: similarity, contrast, and contiguity, supplemented by frequency, are the beginnings to an experimental science (Piaget 9). As the science began to develop, the educational psychologists did little more than administer mental tests, which started with the Stanford-Binet test (IQ test). Today, the science has been expanded to include counseling students, teachers, administrators, and parents, in an effort to help make the school environment one which is most effective in promoting learning. As an example, if a student in school commits a disciplinary action, instead of being indiscriminately punished, that student would be sent to see the school psychologist to find out the causes of the students misbehavior and deal with them accordingly (Frandsen 92).
Though studies of educational surveys, there were nine major factors that increased learning. These nine factors can be placed into three groups: student aptitude, instruction, and psychological environments. Student aptitude includes (1) ability or prior achievement as measured by score on educational test; (2) development as indexed by chronological age or stage of maturation; and (3) motivation or self-concept as shown by personality tests and students' perseverance on learning tasks. Instruction can be thought of as (4) the amount of time students engage in learning and (5) the quality of the instructional experience. Psychological environments include: (6) the "curriculum of the home," (7) the morale of the classroom social group, (8) the peer group outside school, and (9) the amount of leisure-time television viewing. These are the factors that influence academic achievement and behavioral learning (A.A.E. 66).
Educational psychology does not only hold true for humans, but also for animals. Ivan Pavlov displayed the principle of association by applying it to the salivary reflex. He trained his dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell alone if previously they had so responded to meat and the bell together. In another case, B. F. Skinner trained pigeons to play a form of table tennis by rewarding the birds with food pellets each time they hit a ball into a designated trough (James 66).
This area of psychology is used today to teach specific subjects such as foreign languages, arithmetic and mathematics, reading, writing, spelling, and the sciences. However, teaching of these subject requires a person that
The study by Watson and Rayner was to further the research of Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was a Russian physiologist whose most famous experiments involved that of animals, specifically the unconditioned and conditioned reflexes of canines, in reference to salivation and conditioned emotional response. Pavlov demonstrated that if a bell was rang each time a dog was fed; ultimately the animal would befall conditioned to salivate at just the sound of the bell, even where food is was no longer present (The Salivation reflex). Watson and Rayner set out to further the research of conditioned stimulus response, with little Albert. ‘These authors without adequate experimental evidence advanced the view that this range was increased by means of conditioned reflex factors.’ (B.Watson, R Rayner , 1920).
He discovered classical conditioning after seeing how the dogs were stimulated to respond to their food and anything related to food such as the noise of the door or person coming towards them (King, 2016). He eventually conditioned the dogs to respond to a bell as it did when it was exposed to the food (King, 2016). Pavlov accomplished this by introducing a neutral stimulus, the bell, which is a stimulus that doesn’t result in a response like conditioned or unconditioned stimuli (King, 2016). Initially, in this experiment salivation was an innate response to food, but after the introduction of the bell, it became a conditioned response because the dog learned that every time the bell rang, its food came along with it (King, 2016). Consequently, making the bell a conditioned stimulus which is a stimulus that resulted in a response after many times that the neutral stimulus was presented with the food (King,
John B. Watson came up with classical conditioning. This is when two different stimuli are paired together to create a desired response. Watson used the sound of a bell to classically condition dogs when a bell was rung. The sound of the bell is the neutral stimulus, the dogs salivating is the unconditioned response, and the food is the unconditioned stimulus. Once the dog associates the bell with the desired behavior the bell becomes the conditioned stimulus because the dog has
The Millionaire Next Door written by Thomas J. Stanley, Ph.D. and William D. Danko, Ph.D. is a highly informative book about what it takes to become wealthy. Some of the information I knew, such as the obvious fact that you need money to be a millionaire, but some information, such as millionaires not owning big luxury items, surprised me. People become wealthy by saving money, not by living in a huge house or driving an expensive car. Most households generate a lot of money, but, because people love buying things, they live from paycheck to paycheck. Stanley and Danko say, “Building wealth requires discipline, sacrifice, and hard work” (Stanley and Danko 5). There are not too many millionaires because people are not willing to change their
Child Labor is one of the reasons why children stop schooling or do not study at all. But first, what is child labor? Not all child work is considered child labor. According to Aldaba, Lanzona and Tamangan (2004), one must incorporate both national and international definition regarding child labor considering 3 factors which include the type of activity the child is engaged to, their age and parental supervision. Basically, children who are engaged to any work which is considered as the “worst form” are called child labourers. This “worst forms” of work are occupations that endanger the general welfare and long-term development of a child. Age is also a factor regarding child labor. If a child under the age of 15 years old works without any supervision of parents, they are considered as child labourers since they are not guided by their parents and the work done by the child, even if it is not the “worst form” is also considered as child labor. Other definitions of child labor include that of Edmonds and Pavcnik (2005), wherein child labor is defined as “economic activities deleterious to the well-being of children” which also means that these are work dangerous to the health and welfare of a child. The United Nations define such activity as “any work that children should not be doing because they are too young to work or – if they are old enough to work – because it is dangerous or otherwise unsuitable for them”. This only means that whether a child is a minor or at a legal age, if the work done by these children is unsuitable for their age, it is still considered as child labor. Child labor is also defined as a work that has too much responsibility for a child and is not appropriate for their age. Furthermo...
The west has attempted to fight child labor for years now with little dent in curving the use of child labor across the globe. The primary reason has been the failure to find practical means to translate our intuitions on practices that ought to be eliminated into effective solutions. Economically deprived countries in order to compete in the global economy have offered child labor (Low cost Labor) as competitive advantage and companies from the west have let low cost, high profit, blind their morality. Hence, rather then making sure no child labor is in their product cost they have embraced or looked the other way when it comes to child labor.
There are many aspects and philosophies that make a person wealthy and you have to learn to manage your life and expenses. Contrary to popular belief people do not have to live their entire life underneath a mountain of bills and debt. Our society teaches as a whole to live beyond our means, always have a car and house payment. Live off credit cards and just make the payments. More often than not, the more people make the more they spend and they increase their cost of living.
Child labour ratio is increasing day by day due to poverty, unemployment, illiteracy and unequal distribution of wealth. To induce this ratio new policies are needed to be made. If child laboring will increase day by day, then there is no possibility that a particular country because of children busy in labor work instead of studying in a school or
For many decades, psychologists tried to explain the relationship between the way one acts and how the brain learns. Was conscious thinking the part of the process of deciding the actions taken? Or was it just an incumbency to our brain? To answer these questions, Ivan Pavlov conducted a study on dogs in 1897. Firstly, he brought food to his dogs and his dogs salivated as a reflex. Afterwards, he rang a
So I believe that the issue of child labour is not simple. As Unicef’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report argued, children’s work needs to be seen as having two extremes. On one hand, there is the destructive or exploitative work and, on the other hand, there is beneficial work - promoting or enhancing children’s development without interfering with their schooling, recreation and rest. ‘And between these two poles are vast areas of work that need not negatively affect a child’s development.’ My firm belief is that there is a difference between child labour and child work and that in both cases the issue is whether or not the child is deliberately being exploited.
As I did research on how others interpreted the story, the same conclusion would pop up. The necklace was used as a symbol of higher class of wealth. We use symbolic items to try and fit into societies belief of “fancy”. The deeper meaning is within the true value of the necklace. It is a fake just as she is! She is trying to be something she is not and ends up losing the necklace which holds a false value as well. This is why a person should not take everything as it
To help out, she gets a job and helped her husband pay off the debt in ten years. In those ten years she had lost her beauty and had not seen Madame Forestier face to face in danger of feeling ashamed in front of her rich friend because of her poverty. After they had paid off all the debt, she finds Madame Forestier down the road and talks about what had happened in her lifetime since the last time they had meet. They start talking about the necklace and the incident that happened the ball night. Mathilde talks about hardships that had taken her to pay off the debt of about twenty thousand francs. And suddenly Madame Forestier says “But mine was fake. It wasn’t worth more than five hundred francs.” ( Maupassant 179 ). This mesmerise Mathilde’s brain and the story ends.
In conclusion, I believe that child labour should be considered a violation of basic human rights. This essay demonstrates that not only does child labour take away fundamental human right however it also interferes with the education of the child and reinforces the cycle of poverty. It also proves child labour violates basic working rights found in the UDHR under article 23 and 24. Child labour is an outright violation
The functioning definition of child labour is; work that deprives children of childhood, their potential and dignity, and that is harmful to physical and or mental development. Someone is considered a child under the age of 18. It refers to work that: Is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous to children, Interferes with their schooling by: Depriving them of their opportunity to attend school; Obliging them to leave school prematurely; or Requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work. The ages of child labourer’s lies between 5-17 and in a statistic from 2012 there are an estimated 168 million child labourers worldwide. On average, one in every seven children is a child labourer. Child labourers are seen to be a great source of employment because they are cheap, easy to control, and unaware of their rights. Many children work long grueling hours in poor conditions and often do not even receive their pay. Challenging the authorities of the workplace often results in beatings on the children and the work quickly becomes slavery. Although cheaper than adults, children suffer much higher risks when working in environments that are deemed safe for adults. Some of these health and developmental risk factors include: Rapid skeletal growth, development of organs and tissues, greater risks of hearing loss, risk assessment abilities are lower, more need for food and rest, higher chemical absorption rates etc. Child labour entitles psychological effects such as social anxiety, depression and retains mental development through social interaction and learning. There are many forms of child labour such as mining, agricultural work (especially in the cocoa industry), domestic work/servi...
One of the more popular areas of psychology is Educational Psychology. Educational Psychology can be explained several ways. The idea is to study theories and concepts from different parts of psychology and apply them in educational settings. These educational settings may occur in different school settings such as preschool. The goal of educational psychology is to create a positive student-teacher relationship. Educational psychology uses five different types of psychology, behavioral, cognitive, developmental, and social cognitive, and constructivist in this research paper I will be briefly discussing each type of psychology listed above.