Known to have begun in the earliest prehistory, education has evolved to become a prominent aspect of society. There was a time when adults trained the youth of their society the knowledge and skills necessary to master and ultimately pass onto future generations. In pre-literate societies, the onset of education was accomplished orally and through imitation, but as knowledge grew beyond skills that called for more effective methods of teaching, formal education developed. Globally, the outlook of intellectuals such as Plato and Confucius became the foundation of education, and the establishment of schools was widespread during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance Era. In the United States, however, the development of education and schools did not occur until after the American Revolution, especially during the Cold War era. As a result of the arms race between the Soviet Union and the United States, the climate of the Cold War promoted not only competition amongst academic institutions but also a shift of ideas on the education system and its role in society, ultimately leading to the manipulation of education through social engineering as Sputnik instilled fear of a missile gap.
In the 17th century, the first American schools opened throughout the thirteen original colonies. Although education varied considerably, colonists sought to educate by upholding both English values and traditions of family, church, community, and apprenticeship (Cremin 113-114). Becoming the foundation of education, the Puritans valued education for religious study and economic success. Education depended on an individual’s social status, especially since lessons were taught within the family. In fact, it was assumed that parents knew the basics of both...
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...sor, wrote both books and articles regarding the role democracy should have in education. Moreover, he believed schools were not only as a place to acquire knowledge, but also as a place to understand how to live. This then led him to conclude that the purpose of education was not entirely the acquisition of a set of skills, but rather the ability to use those skills to reach success and realize one’s full potential. Dewey insisted that education and schooling are instrumental in creating social change and reform. While some critics assumed that Dewey's system would stop students from learning basic academic skills and knowledge, others believed the order of the classroom and the teacher as the authority figure would disappear. However, Dewey looked past the authoritarianism style of learning and wanted students to invest in what they were learning (Dewey 6-12).
After the end of WW2, two major governmental institutions, the USA and the USSR, with conflicting political ideologies and agendas, set forth to dominate each other in international politics. This period of time, also known as the Cold War, initiated an era of crazed hysteria in the United States as these two governments frequently clashed and bitterly fought. As a result, the frightened public grew delirious as the world grew dangerously close to a calamitous nuclear war, which ultimately prompted the Eisenhower administration to hinder the spread of communism and encourage the U.S. population to rapidly pursue higher education for the future welfare of this nation.
Gender, social status, and the region in which a child lived determined how much schooling a child would receive and where and how they would get it. Children of the upper class were either taught in private schools or by a tutor. They were taught reading, writing, prayers, and simple math ("Education") . They were taught using repetition from the Bible, a religion-based reading supplement called a primer, and/or a paddle-shaped (also religious) horn book ("Schooling"). The upper-class boys were taught more advanced academic subjects, and may have been sent to boarding school in England or another state. The girls were taught to assume the duties of a wife and mother and obtained basic knowledge so they could read the Bible and record expenses ("Education"). While the south had very few laws for education because of its population, the middle and northern colonies (and then states) had established guidelines for their citizens. Pennsylvania's Law of 1683 set a monetary penalty for any parent whose children could not read and write by age twelve, and who were not taught a useful trade. By 1642 the northern colonies had already mandated a public education or apprenticeship for children, one grammar school for towns with more that one-hundred families, and an elementary school for towns with more than fifty.
In contrast, church attendance was compulsory and education was a high priority in Puritan society because literacy was essential to Bible study. Laws were passed calling for the creation of grammar schools to teach reading and writing, and Harvard College was founded in 1636 to train the
In reference to this Eliot states, “…the Indians offered all their children to us to be educated among us and instructed by us...” Eliot advocated for Indian children’s education particularly for the purpose of teaching them about sin, faith, and piety at a young age, values that defined Puritans’ faith. Eliot’s ideal of civilization through education was likely influenced from legislation passed by the Massachusetts General Court in 1642, which required parents to teach their children and servants literacy skills in order to be able to read the
... to do. I favor parts of Dewey’s philosophy because it is a hands-on approach to learning. However, I believe that the students need instruction. I believe that everyone can be educated to the furthest of their abilities if given the proper tools to learn. There is no shame in vocational schooling because society as a whole needs people for every job. Plowing a field is just as important as writing poetry, and some people are destined for both. Overall, with philosophers like Froebel, Dewey and Dewey, Strike and Soltis, and DuBois, I have gained knowledge that I will take with me forever and apply in my classrooms.
"Every young man is born with some determination in his nature, and is a potential genius." At first glance this quote produces a mix of emotions from the reader. Upon further investigation and examining the word choice one may find Emerson's statement to be completely valid. Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay titled "Education," uses the open words "some" and "potential," making the statement more realistic and ultimately true.
Most controversies over education are centered around the question of how strictly standards should be upheld. The concern over whether or not flunking students is appropriate or even in the best interest of the student is a widely discussed topic. The argument often begins with students just starting school where the question of standardized testing for kindergartners arises. The majority of people are actually against such testing because they feel that a child who is labeled as a failure at such an early age may be permanently damaged (Bowen 86). The worry over the failure issue is further traced to educators who feel children just entering school are not fully prepared. Teachers are faced with kindergarten students who do not know their addresses, colors, and sometimes even first and last names (An ‘F’ 59).
Besides the classroom, nowhere in modern society emphasizes learning for the sake of knowledge. In society, the people who receive praise are the ones who did not have a solid education. America has become obsessed with success stories that forgo education because educational knowledge no longer contains any value. American leaders do not make an extra effort to try and fix the failing education system, so if the world powers of America do not care to make progressive improvements for the education system, why should citizens of America even care about the education system? The students in school have picked up on these thoughts and instead of listening to the classroom teacher the students listen to the world teachers. Barber defines these world teachers as “the nation’s true pedagogues, are television, advertising, movies, politics, and the celebrity domains they define.” (Barber, 2014, p. 2.). These leaders have different values than the values set as the standard by the education system. The education system values wisdom, knowledge, critical thinking, and the ability to articulate one’s thoughts and ideas convincingly. While the American system contrasts these ideas: “We honor ambition, we reward greed, we celebrate materialism, we worship acquisitiveness, we cherish success, and we commercialize the classroom. . . We recommend history to the kids but rarely consult it ourselves. (Barber, 2014, p. 4.). This reasoning lays the foundation for the destruction of the school system. Adults do not find value in education, but they encourage their children to try and find value in area the adults do not. Children have caught on to this and decided the absolute best option for them to success is to flee the classroom setting and surround themselves in the world where they can learn firsthand the steps to become successful. The societal influence cultivates children more effectively than the classroom
Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the American educational system has undergone much transition in response to our changing society. Though there have been many problems raised throughout the years in regard to what our school systems should be teaching our children, there have also been many developments.
Many Americans do not question the credibility of the education system within the country because they believe it forms good citizens and creates a stepping-stone to success. John Taylor Gatto is an American teacher who has experience in the classroom for thirty years and has now devoted his life to critiquing American schools exploiting his own experiences. In his essay “Against School”, he argues that the 12-year system of school may not be necessary, due to its curriculum, and that it may be a tactic of manipulation from the government to promote obedience. I agree with his argument because there are many paths to individual success outside of public education, such as homeschooling or vocational school.
John Dewey was one of the most influential American philosopher born in Vermont in 1859. He graduated from the University of Vermont and eventually got his Ph.D. and went on to teaching at other universities. In his book Experience and Education he talks about traditional education, the theory of experience, criteria of experience, social control, the nature of freedom, the meaning of purpose, progressive organization, and at the end he raps it up with the means and goals of education. Dewey was a well-known philosopher and his ideas travel all around during the early 20th century. He had two main principles; the principle of continuity and the principle of interaction that led to what he believed was the proper way to educated students.
This book, Dare The School Build a New Social Order by George Counts, is an examination of teachers, the Progressive Education Movement, democracy and his idea on how to reform the American economy. The book is divided into 5 different sections. The first section is all about the Progressive Education Movement. Through this, George Counts points out many downsides and weaknesses of this ideal. He also talks about how he wants teachers to lead society instead of following it. In the second section, he examines 10 widespread fallacies. These fallacies were that man is born free, that children are born free, they live in a separate world of their own, education remains unchanged, education should have no bias, the object of education is to produce professors, school is an all-powerful educational agency, ignorance rather than knowledge is the way of wisdom, and education is made to prepare an individual for social change.
Dewey, John, and Reginald D. Archambault. John Dewey on education; selected writings.. New York: Modern Library, 1964. Print.
It was not until the 1840s when character education became a priority focus within the classroom. Horace Mann was an American politician and education reformer who is known as the ‘father of public school.’ Mann said that the key to good society is “best expressed in these few and simple words: ‘Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not depart from it’(ppt).” Reflecting on Mann’s quote, I believe he was sharing his belief that public school could have a positive social and moral effect on students beyond the academic benefit they receive from the classroom and that he felt it was worthy of being intentionally taught. When Horace Mann passed away in the 1850s, John Dewey took that notion even deeper than Mann and emphasized the impact of character and moral education on the current society as well as the society of the future. Dewey believed that the school should create an environment similar to a community center in the sense of giving students an awareness regarding how their choices and behavior affect
Education: a priceless and powerful commodity. The human race has attempted to understand the role of education and how we digest information for centuries. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle devoted much of their lives to analyzing the foundations of education and how to teach subsequent generations. Socrates attempted to find the true meaning of education through a constant attempt to discover the truth in all aspects of life. Plato, on the other hand, viewed education as a way to attain the perfect society, hoping that educating the youth would improve future generations. Believing that education was necessary for intellectual virtue, Aristotle sought out a well-rounded education that created a balanced human being. Unfortunately, education