Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Philosophy and life
Phenomenology edmund husserl
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Philosophy and life
Philosopher Edmund Husserl’s book, The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, raised several concepts and ideas throughout the history of philosophy. The purpose of this essay is to explore and analyze ideas in two of Husserl’s specific themes: The Life-World and the World of Science and The Origin of Geometry. Another purpose is to try to establish, if possible, any connections or compatibilities between the two themes, or ideas within the two themes. Part One- The Life-World: The life-world, simply put, is the world as experienced in everyday life. This, however, needs more clarification. The word “as” is important because it refers to a structure or horizon. It is the horizon of everything that a living person …show more content…
By smaller scale, I mean understanding the features of the life-world within our own mental context. “Universally as world” is an extremely broad subject, and one should not, or need not, attempt to universally rationalize the life-world or search for universal truths unless one has a goal of working in the field of philosophy as a profession. Husserl suggests that humans are possibly only concerned with whatever is in the horizon of the life-world (Husserl 379). That seems to indicate that we humans only pay attention to, and value, possibilities, ideas, states of affairs, and concrete facts that exist within the horizon of the life-world or our mental boundaries. To better appreciate and comprehend traits within the life-world, one should understand the possible relationships between life-world meaning and theoretical …show more content…
For example: he does not care about discovering the “first geometers,” or historical aspects about the discovery of theories or proofs (Husserl 354). Husserl’s goal is to explore the sense of geometry and the starting points of its ideas. Below is a brief overview of the sense of geometry in Husserl’s study. A person is seeing and perceiving a set of parallel lines. Euclid originated this concept of geometry in 300 B.C, but that is still a historical aspect that Husserl seems to be unconcerned with. Now I will try to apply Husserl’s framework of the life-world (as experienced in everyday life) and the theory of intentionality to an ideal object. First, however, a few terms need to be clarified. Ideal is different from real. Real involves “facts,” which are concrete objects or events. Ideal involves essences, or universals, which include species, properties, and relations. Ideal also involves meanings, which deal with concepts, propositions, and theories. In addition, ideal involves mathematics, which deals with numbers, sets, and geometrical shapes. According to Aristotle’s notion: shapes came into existence in a certain point in
In section 15 of The Crisis, Husserl proposes an introspective enquiry of ourselves that is guided by the teleology of philosophy. As part of trying to understand ourselves, we must go back and look at what other philosophers in history have been saying in a bid to “understand the unity running through all the [philosophical] projects of history that oppose one another and work together in their changing forms”. In as much as this historical analysis is personal, we are just a part of the whole history of philosophy, and have a role to build up on what has been established before. In order to understand the teleological journey of philosophy, and how we are part of it, we cannot just look at it from the outside. We have to try and understand it from the inside - we already have the spiritual-historical connection - if we are to truly know who we are.
The following essay is a response to George Berkeley’s Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, in which he argues that the Cartesian notion of substance is incoherent, that the word "matter" as Descartes uses it, does not mean anything.
Genetic phenomenology is Husserl's philosophical successor to his earlier eidetic phenomenology; it represents the highest development in Husserl's project. Husserl's eidetic phenomenology holds that both the structure of intentional acts and the intentional object are given (Detmer 165). Husserl later comes to doubt the givenness in eidetic phenomenology; these structures and objects of consciousness must have developed throughout history (Detmer 166). This is the process of sedimentation: patterns of understanding and expectations gradually influence later experiences (Zahavi 94). Intentional acts themselves have eidetic structures that are not immediately given; they must be analyzed if the phenomenological project is to continue. A close
Fogelin R. J. (1984) ‘Philosophy and Phenomenological Research’, International Phenomenological Society, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 263-271
Following Hume's recognition that we cannot in principle have any experience of an experience transcending objectivity as such, Husserl's Phenomenological Epoche (1) suspends judgement on whether or not such a realm of "things-in-themselves" exists. Thus our experiences of material objects and descriptions thereof can no more be shown to correspond to such an "objective" standard than can our experiences and descriptions of immaterial objects and conscious states. Consequently interpersonal and intercultural communications concerning the supposedly "public" objects etc. of the material world seem no less problematic than Wittgenstein (2) and others have shown communication concerning the "private" objects of the immaterial world (of fantasies, dreams etc.) to be.
In the following paper I will argue upon whether the Humes’ or Descartes’ philosophical position on the existence of the external world is stronger than the other. I will first present each philosopher’s position, and then I will argue that Hume has a stronger position on the existence of the external world for the reason in this paper.
Between Aristotle and Heidegger, there is 1) a shift from the priority of actuality in Aristotle, to the priority of possibility in Heidegger. This shift, I argue, is itself the metaphysical ground of 2) a shift from the priority of theory in the one thinker to the priority of praxis in the other. This shift is seen most clearly in the way in which 3) Heidegger's notion of Theorie is a modification of a more original poíésis. The temporal ground of the reversal is seen in 4) Heidegger's notion of transcendence towards the world, and not towards an eternal being.
...he results of dialectical research. In the system of syntheses and analyses, that characterizes sciences, philosophy recognizes reason's attempt at establishing the structure of one-in-many. This attempt cannot succeed, because the sciences are essentially bound to expansive thinking apprehending things one by one, while the logical world is characterized by co-presence of the whole that requires intellectual intuition as its proper mode of apprehension. However, the philosopher is aware that the power that drives us to creating sciences and, thus, to imitating the logical world in the realm of rambling thinking, must either itself be a one-in-many or, at least, know about this structure, i.e. know about what the world looks like from a divine point of view. Such a person, Augustine says, cannot be bothered any more by sorrows, perils of by fate's adversities.
The Transcendental Deductions of the pure concept of the understanding in Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason, in its most general sense, explains how concepts relate a priori to objects in virtue of the fact that the power of knowing an object through representations is known as understanding. According to Kant, the foundation of all knowledge is the self, our own consciousness, because without the self, experience is not possible. The purpose of this essay is to lay out Kant’s deduction of the pure concept of understanding and show how our concepts are not just empirical, but a priori concept. We will walk through Kant’s argument and reasoning as he uncovers each layer of understanding, eventually leading up to the conclusion mentioned above. In the Transcendental aesthetics, Kant defines the objective validity of Space and Time as concepts a priori with the help of Geometry, showing that if we believe in the validity of Geometry, we have to believe that Space and Time are concepts a priori.
This essay hopes to define Spinoza’s reasoning behind his ‘Deus sive Natura’, arguing that God and Nature, or the universe, are but one substance. This separation is distinct to Spinoza’s substance monism, and argued through a geometric essay structure that allows reasoning to be accessible, as well as logical should the reasoning at each step have validity.
Behind both stands the concept of arche, a term introduced into philosophical discourse by Anaximandros, rendered into English via Latin as ‘principle’ and bearing the meaning of the ‘first-begotten or underlying substance’ of all things. Historically this might be called the first brick to leave the kiln in which the metaphysical fire was burning. Moreover, where Thales’ teachings were apparently still subject to aural dispersion, Anaximandros, not content with the word of mouth, becomes the first philosopher among the still relatively small band of logographoi to publish his theories in a formal text. His book at once set out to encompass what was known and to be known and thereby furnished a role model (presumably peri physeos) for a dozen generations to come, carrying echoes down as far as the Romans (De rerum natura). It gave a comprehensive depiction of cosmogony and cosmology, astronomy and geography, meteorology and biology and down to a phylogeny of the human species. For Anaximandros, Barnes writes [19], “Nature embraces every object of experience and every subject of rational enquiry except the productions of human contrivance.”
Rene Descartes decision to shatter the molds of traditional thinking is still talked about today. He is regarded as an influential abstract thinker; and some of his main ideas are still talked about by philosophers all over the world. While he wrote the "Meditations", he secluded himself from the outside world for a length of time, basically tore up his conventional thinking; and tried to come to some conclusion as to what was actually true and existing. In order to show that the sciences rest on firm foundations and that these foundations lay in the mind and not the senses, Descartes must begin by bringing into doubt all the beliefs that come to him by the senses. This is done in the first of six different steps that he named "Meditations" because of the state of mind he was in while he was contemplating all these different ideas. His six meditations are "One:Concerning those things that can be called into doubt", "Two:Concerning the Nature of the Human mind: that it is better known than the Body", "Three: Concerning God, that he exists", "Four: Concerning the True and the False", "Five: Concerning the Essence of Material things, and again concerning God, that he exists" and finally "Six: Concerning the Existence of Material things, and the real distinction between Mind and Body". Although all of these meditations are relevant and necessary to understand the complete work as a whole, the focus of this paper will be the first meditation.
Eighteenth Century Europe was in turmoil, “characterized by dramatic revolutions in science, philosophy, society and politics” (Bristow, 2011, para. 1). Revolution was afoot in France, while earlier scientific discoveries from Copernicus to Newton drastically changed how humans understood the world. Empiricism and Skepticism rose with modern science to challenge the prevailing Rationalism (Murphy, 2010).
The Romantic Period was a time when authors and poets focused on the beauty of nature and people’s own intuition. Instead of writing about political matters and governmental ideas, writers focused on emotions and nature. Henry David Thoreau, a transcendentalist author during the Romantic Period, focused on the transcendentalism ideas, which values nature and one’s feelings. In Thoreau’s essays “Walden” and “Civil Disobedience” he portrays several transcendentalism tenets throughout them.
The pursuit of knowledge has led many a philosopher to wonder what the purpose of life truly is, and how the material and immaterial are connected. The simple fact is, we can never know for certain. Arguments can be made, words can be thrown around, and rationale can be supported, but we as mere humans are not capable of arriving at the perfect understanding of life. Nonetheless, in the war against our own ignorance, we seek possible explanations to explain that which science and math cannot. Philosopher 's such as Plato and Aristotle have made notable contributions to our idea of the soul and its role in the grand scheme of life, while some, such as Descartes, have taken a more metaphysical view by pondering the impact one 's mind has on