Once a stable and relatively prosperous country, Côte d’Ivoire has suffered from continued political instability and economic stagnation since 1999. The current crisis, which began in September 2002, has further aggravated the country’s already difficult social and economic conditions.
The civil conflict cut short the incipient economic recovery in 2002. GDP is estimated to have declined by 1.6% in 2002 and 3.8 % in 2003. Inflationary pressures intensified temporarily after the crisis, but decreased subsequently, with 2003 inflation estimated to have averaged 3.8 %. The current account of the balance of payments moved into surplus in 2002 and 2003, as export revenues rose on the strength of international cocoa prices.
Public finances deteriorated in the second half of 2002 and in 2003, reflecting a combination of expenditure overruns, tax revenue stagnation, and a decline in foreign financing. Domestic and external arrears reached 13,5% of GDB by end-2003.
An improvement in security and political normalization are indispensable for economic recovery. However, a coherent economic policy framework and transparent and efficient management of public finances are critical to consolidate the gains from the return to stability, and to restore private sector confidence.
Given the uncertainty about availability of external resources and the need to address the problem of large stock of domestic and external arrears, the authorities should target a higher primary budget surplus in 2004 than the currently envisaged 2,8% GDP. With little room for additional tax revenue mobilization, the authorities need to mobilize more resources from the oil and gas sector and scale down domestically-financed investment and recruitment plans for 2004.
The authorities should be more vigilant and proactive in responding to the fragile state of the commercial banking system and imposing corrective actions on banks in distress. In particular, the financial position of the state-owned Caisse Autonome d’Amortissement (CAA) remains very weak, and options for a resolution of its problems need to be considered, in close consultation with the World Bank.
The structural reform agenda should be revived with a focus on the cocoa, financial, and energy sectors. Most urgently, an action plan and timetable for addressing the institutional weaknesses in the cocoa sector should be developed in close consultation with the World Bank and other donors.
The authorities have requested a resumption of World Bank fund assistance. A credible program of fiscal consolidation and structural reform would facilitate. Fund support, which could initially take the form of post-conflict emergency assistance. Such support would be possible in a framework of concerted support of Côte d’Ivoire’s development partners, and could pave the way for a move to supported programs.
In these Thesis’ Luther basically criticized the church’s wrongful practices and exposed the church’s corruption in order to bring about change in the church. Luther is quoted in Document 3 from his 95 thesis’ “Christian’s should be taught that he who gives to a poor man, or lends to a needy man, does better if he bought pardons.” Luther believed that actions, such as helping others did way more toward saving a person’s soul than buying a pardon did. He saw through the idea that one could by their way into heaven. He brought about new ideas such as God’s grace is the only way into heaven, not buying indulgences, or simply participating in church activities. His ideas eventually spread out all over Europe and his followers formed a group calling themselves Lutherans. This eventually became a protestant denomination, where Luther preached ideas, and his version of christianity. Also other reformist such as John Calvin had their own ideas, like predestination, and that everyone was full of sin until they were saved by christ. “We must resist the lust of the flesh, which, unless kept in order, overflows without measure.” (Document 6) Calvin believed that everyone was filled with this sinful “lust” that could not be kept in order without the power of christ. Calvin also started a sect of christianity nicknamed Calvinist after their leader. Both Luther and Calvin inspired others such as George Fox, who created quakerism, and Ulrich Zwingli who started anabaptism. Overall a huge force that drove the Protestant Reformation was reformers such as Martin Luther and John
People are not prone to agree with one another. If you gather a dozen people together for a dinner party and the subject turns to politics or religion, then there is inevitably going to be an argument. There is one thing, however, that there is a near universal consensus on: chocolate is a wonderful and delicious thing.
Without the results of studies done on the birth order, by people like Jeffery Kluger, the power of birth order would remain a mystery to us and we would not have as deep of an understanding of siblings. While there is still much about the workings of oldest, youngest, and middle children that we have not yet discovered, the studies conducted on birth order so far have enlightened many parents on how their children’s relationships work. However, while scientists have unraveled many mysteries about the birth order, the constant variables presented to scientists as they study the birth order does hinder the progress of their research, but there is always a hope that someday scientists will be able to completely understand the impact and function of the birth order in sibling’s
The economics of Haiti has deceased in the last 4 years after the devastating earthquake that struck it 4 years ago. The Haiti economy has become very poor and one of the poorest country in the south, Central America and Caribbean region making it ranked 24 out of 29 countries in this area and its overall score is below average. Haiti’s economic freedom is 48.1 making it economy the 151st freest country while in the last several years Declines in the management of government spending, freedom from corruption, and labor freedom make its overall score 2.6 points lower than last year. Recovering from the disastrous earthquake in 2010 with the support of the U.S. recovering efforts “Haiti’s post-earthquake reconstruction efforts continue, assisted by substantial aid from the international community. Governing institutions remain weak and inefficient, and overall progress has not been substantial. The parliament has not renewed the mandate of the Interim Haiti Recovery Commission, which had been tasked with overseeing reconstruction efforts but was unpopular.”( .heritage.org). The open market of Haiti trade weighted to be 2.1 this is because the lack of tariffs hamper the trade freedom of Haiti. Foreign investors are given national treatment but the investment is small and the financial sector is remained underdeveloped and does not provide any adequate support.
As the novel continues, Victor and The Monster both experience anger, sadness, and depression. They also seek revenge for one another after The Monster killed William Frankenstein, Elizabeth Lavenza, Henry Clerval, and caused the trial that led to the death of Justine Moritz . The Monster seeks revenge from Victor for making him so unappealing to the general eye “Cursed,
This indicates an increased reliance on barrowed funds from creditors of financiers (e.g. banks). This is further evidence that Bega is experiencing cash flow problems and there is an inherent risk of going concern problems.
Government spending is a highly debated topic as to how much money should be spent and how it should be spent, but the fact remains government spending is rising each year and will become unsustainable in the future without major changes. Government spending is currently around 40% of GDP as compared to 7% at the start of the twentieth century (Chantrill, NP). Government spending has had ebbs and flows that can be traced since the start of the twentieth century, which include two world wars and a great depression. However, from the 1980’s through the early 2000’s government spending was lower to mid 30% range of GDP (Chantrill, NP). Increase in spending has been seen since the stock market crash of 2008, to the current levels of around 40% of GDP (Chantrill, NP). Various reasons are behind the major increases of government spending, but the “...
All over the world, in many undeveloped countries such as Honduras and Nicaragua, poverty and starvation, as well as the spread of diseases due to unclean environments and the lack of education about these illnesses, are serious issues. Something needs to be done rectify the conditions that produce these hardships and to eliminate their continuation. The argument regarding “Nature versus Nurture” is not a simple one, for both nature and nurture play a role in this problem but also in the solution to this problem. Children need to eat properly. Nurture, in my opinion plays a major role in the solution and prevention of malnourishment but more prominently the spread of diseases. Lack of education is the primary target. Without education, nothing changes. Educating people to the dangers of the diseases, how to prevent contracting them, and last how to treat and contain them will the status of the “third world”. However with the subject of malnourishment nature takes the cake. With the Sudanese government controlling everything to maintain power, the crop growth is just not adequate and is the crux of the malnourishment issue. We need to feed the children, not arm adults. That we are fortunate enough to be provided with more than enough food in the U.S gives us the means to help those in need in Sudan. I want to help so that other kids are nourished properly: let the change begin with
In 2004, malnutrition cost the country $3.1 million in lost productivity, which is 11.4% of total GDP. Children who are undernourished at a young age are at a high risk for poor cognitive development, adversely affecting Guatemala’s productivity and growth in the future. Childhood anemia is also associated with a 2.5% drop in adult wages and the Latin America region loses millions of dollars a year to chronic disease as well. Improving the health care and well being of more Guatemalans, improving their ability to work, will allow more money flow throughout the economy to benefit
The monster struggled to obtain love or acceptance from anyone throughout his lifetime, though it is what he craved the most. In response to this disappointment, the monster reverted to threats and brutal behavior. He named Victor as the source of his pain, as he was the creator that brought him into this world only to leave him alone to suffer. In search of his creator for revenge, the monster came across Victor’s younger brother William. After making the connection between the two, the monster first killed William then planted the evidence on Victor’s family friend, Justine; leading to the murder of two of Victor’s close ones. Even after being responsible of two murders, the monster was still suffering and resulted in threatening both the lives of Victor and his soon-to-be wife, Elizabeth. This resulted in the eventual death of Victor’s wife as well. The monster took extreme actions in response to his own difficult upbringing, while Victor took a much less destructive yet cowardly approach. After Victor’s creation of the monster he made a break for the door, running away from his fears and leaving the monster behind. Shelly illustrates this of Victor as she writes “Unable to endure the aspect of the being I had created, I rushed out of the room, and continued a long time traversing my bedchamber, unable to
According to the UN’s Standing Committee on Nutrition, malnutrition “is the single largest contributor to disease in the world.” Malnutrition is the lack of nutritious food or not having enough to eat. Malnutrition can lead to stunted growth, impaired learning abilities, weak immune system, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and many other problems based off of the nutrients the body is lacking. In pregnant mothers, it can also lead to stillbirth, miscarriage, and other complications. In the Dominican Republic, this is a large issue that affects numerous urban families. With 20% of the entire population living in extreme poverty and an increasing population, this issue is becoming more prominent with every passing day.
This paper provides an overview of the crisis, outlines the major causes of the crisis, examine alternative solutions to the problem
In Vietnam, the term “culture” is understood in an extremely broad sense about human life and civilization.
In our world today I believe it is terrible that developing countries across the world are in poverty, which is a leading cause of kids growing up malnourished. When children grow up deprived of the nutrients to support the bones in their body, the development will be damaged far before aging. Food insecurity remains a global problem all throughout the world; insecurity refers to when there is limited or uncertain access to foods. The average intake of the daily supply of calories per person is around two thousand a day. Throughout the world, many children cannot receive the dietary intake of calories, which then decreases their immune system causing diseases and poor health. In most developing countries, over half of the population is dying,
Haiti had the third-highest calorie deficit in the world (-460 calories per capita per day) in 2000 and average calories per day was 2108 kcal per day in 2003. One third of the income of a worker was spent on food in urban areas and over half the income of a worker was spent on food in rural areas (Treating Malnutrition in Haiti, 2011). Rural areas had the highest amount of people who considered themselves food insecure at 77% (Treating Malnutrition in Haiti, 2011). Beginning in 1990, 4.5 million people in Haiti were undernourished and by 2005, 5.3 million were undernourished.