Review of Literature
I. Introduction to Earthquakes An earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by sudden release of energy inside the earth's crust. It's the breaking and moving of tectonic plates along a fault line. Earthquakes can range in size from weak where we don't feel them to extremely violent where they actually thow people around and destroy cities. They may be a result of geological faults or other activites such as volcanoes, landslides, mine blasts and nuclear tests. An earthquake is not always naturally caused.
II. How Earthquakes happen Earthquakes are caused by tectonic plates moving in the earth's crust. They either move apart or pull together at faults. Two forms of faults are normal faulting where the hanging wall moves downward causing rocks to be pulled apart by tension and reverse faulting, which is the opposite where the hanging wall moves upward casuing rocks to be forced together by tension. These movements cause tectonic plate boundaries called divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries and transform boundaries. Each boundary is different and play a
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Primary impacts are the result of the ground shaking causing buildings to collaspe. This than results in the secondary impacts which are usually tsunamis, fires, landslides and other catastrophic events. Tsunamis, a huge wave of water, are one of the worse things human life can face after an earthquake as they are known to destroy absolutely everything in there path. Landslides, another huge destruction, is often known to be worse than the earthquake itself. These can cause whole cities to be completely destroyed as in Alaska, Turnagain Heights. Fires also cause a huge path of destruction. Broken gas lines set gas free making one little spark cause an inferno. An example of this would be the great earthquake of 1906 in San Fransisco which caused 90% fire damage among everything
In this essay, the author
- Explains an earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by sudden release of energy inside the earth's crust and the breaking and moving of tectonic plates along a fault line.
- Explains that earthquakes have three different types of shocks that are normally felt by humans: foreshocks, the main shock, and after.
- Explains that earthquakes are measured on two different types of seismometers: the richter scale and the modified mercalli intensity scale.
- Explains an earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by sudden release of energy inside the earth's crust and the breaking and moving of tectonic plates along a fault line.
- Explains that earthquakes have three different types of shocks that are normally felt by humans: foreshocks, the main shock, and after.
- Explains that earthquakes are measured on two different types of seismometers: the richter scale and the modified mercalli intensity scale.
- Explains that earthquakes are classified as primary and secondary impacts. tsunamis, fires and landslides destroy everything in their path.
- Explains that earthquakes can't be predicted, as scientists have tried many different things to try to predict them, but all have failed.
- Explains that earthquakes are caused by tectonic plates moving in the earth's crust, which either move apart or pull together at faults.
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- Significance Of The San Francisco Earthquake Of 1906explanatory essayOne of the worst natural disasters in United States history to this date occurred almost 109 years ago. On April 18, 1906 at 5:15am in San Francisco, California, the earthquake of San Francisco occurred hitting between 7.9 and 8.3M on the Richter scale. The San Andreas Fault, which is about 600 miles long, running from the Gulf of California to Cape Mendocino and is an active strike-slip fault, cut through the continental lithosphere to cause the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906. An earthquake is a trembling or shaking of the ground produced by movements along a fault (Strahler, 2012). After the tension is released at a critical point, the fault or tectonic plate slips and relieves the strain and creates the seismic waves, which radiates out in all directions causing the shaking of the surface.
In this essay, the author
- Describes the san francisco earthquake of 1906, which occurred on april 18, 1906. the san andreas fault, an active strike-slip fault, cut through the continental lithosphere to cause it.
- Explains that the 1989 loma prieta earthquake scaled only 25 miles along the san andreas fault. earthquakes on transforming boundaries produce moderate to strong earthquakes.
- Explains the magnitude of the 1906 earthquake was between 7.9 and 8.3m on the richter scale. the ground was moving at nearly 3 miles per hour and lasted between 45 and 60 seconds.
- Describes the san francisco earthquake of 1906, which occurred on april 18, 1906. the san andreas fault, an active strike-slip fault, cut through the continental lithosphere to cause it.
- Explains that the 1989 loma prieta earthquake scaled only 25 miles along the san andreas fault. earthquakes on transforming boundaries produce moderate to strong earthquakes.
- Explains the magnitude of the 1906 earthquake was between 7.9 and 8.3m on the richter scale. the ground was moving at nearly 3 miles per hour and lasted between 45 and 60 seconds.
- Explains that the 1906 earthquake was one of the most influential earthquakes scientifically. scientists flourished after the earthquake, including lawson, reid, and gilbert.
- Describes the reid elastic rebound theory, which is the gradual accumulation and release of stress and strain that most earthquakes are a result of.
- Explains that the san andreas fault is a transforming boundary and the rocks on the two sides of the faults have been held together without sudden slippage.
- Opines that with the information that we have now on seismic activity, they could've properly prepared. they may not have saved the 28,000 buildings but could’ve saved some of the 3,000 people that died indirectly or directly by the 1906 earthquake.
1003 wordsRead More - Earthquakes Essayexplanatory essayEarthquakes occur almost all over the world and often cause many casualties and injuries, but it is a common misconception to think that all earthquakes or even most of them cause destruction. In fact, most earthquakes aren’t even strong enough to be felt by humans and most animals, and can only be recorded by seismometers that are strategically placed in all corners of the world in order to get a reliable and precise reading on the earthquakes strength. Another common misconception about earthquakes is that people believe that the injuries and deaths that result from earthquakes are because of the earth’s shaking itself, whereas it is in fact usually because of heavy items falling from the incessant vibrations. Earthquakes can be defined as
In this essay, the author
- Explains that most earthquakes aren't strong enough to be felt by humans and animals, and can only be recorded by seismometers strategically placed in all corners of the world.
- Explains that earthquakes have been happening since the beginning of time, and the oldest recorded earthquake was recorded in china on 1177 b.c.
- Explains that in norse mythology, there are two stories that explain the trembling of the earth. in the first, it was believed that fenrir was to bring about ragnarok and kill the all-father odin.
- Explains that most earthquakes aren't strong enough to be felt by humans and animals, and can only be recorded by seismometers strategically placed in all corners of the world.
- Explains that earthquakes have been happening since the beginning of time, and the oldest recorded earthquake was recorded in china on 1177 b.c.
- Explains that in norse mythology, there are two stories that explain the trembling of the earth. in the first, it was believed that fenrir was to bring about ragnarok and kill the all-father odin.
- Explains the story of namazu, a giant catfish, in japanese mythology. it is supposedly guarded by the god of thunder and swords.
- Explains that earthquakes are the result of poseidon, god of the seas, oceans and earthquake. kisin, a malevolent underworld deity, would often uproot and destroy trees planted by chac.
- Explains that earthquakes are the result of sudden break along a fault in the earth's crust, which results in an overwhelming amount of energy that in turn causes the seismic waves to make the ground shake.
- Explains seismic waves are energy waves that are caused by the sudden breaking of rock in the earth's crust, or because of an explosion. earthquakes make up both surface and body waves.
- Explains that surface waves have a low frequency than body waves and are at fault for the destruction earthquakes cause.
- Explains that body waves travel in the earth's interior and arrive before surface waves, which are either p waves or s waves. primary waves are the fastest seismic wave and can move through solids and not liquids.
1225 wordsRead More - Earthquakesexplanatory essayAn earthquake can be defined as vibrations produced in the earth's crust. Tectonic plates have friction between them which
In this essay, the author
- Explains that they chose to research earthquakes and earthquake prediction because they were curious as to how they work.
- Explains that earthquakes are vibrations produced in the earth's crust, which can range from barely noticeable to a disastrous, and destructive act of nature.
- Explains that robert mallet proposed that earthquakes occurred either by sudden flexure and constraint of elastic materials forming a portion of the earth's crust or by their giving way and becoming fractured.
- Explains that they chose to research earthquakes and earthquake prediction because they were curious as to how they work.
- Explains that earthquakes are vibrations produced in the earth's crust, which can range from barely noticeable to a disastrous, and destructive act of nature.
- Explains that robert mallet proposed that earthquakes occurred either by sudden flexure and constraint of elastic materials forming a portion of the earth's crust or by their giving way and becoming fractured.
- Explains that tectonic earthquakes are the most devastating, because they are caused by the stress of the major and minor plates that make up the earth's crust. subduction-zone quakes occur in a variety of geological settings.
- Explains that tectonic earthquakes occur in areas far from other forms of seismic activity, such as new madrid, charleston, south carolina, and mount st. helens.
- Explains the destructive effects of earthquakes, such as landslides, tidal waves, and liquefaction of soils.
- Explains that seismologists have created two scales of measurement to describe earthquakes' power. the richter scale measures the energy released at the focus of an earthquake.
- Explains that earthquake predictions have been successful in china, japan, russia, and the u.s.
- Explains that earthquakes are unpredictable and devastating acts of nature. there is still alot more to be known about them that we still don't know about today.
2186 wordsRead More - Earthquake Essayexplanatory essayEarthquakes happen when two tectonic plates touch each other. When those plates experience tension and friction, they lock up, preventing any kind of movement. As soon as the pressure is suddenly released, an earthquake can occur. The phenomenon of rock breaking along a fault can cause the ground to shake because of the release of energy being given off in the form of seismic waves (“Earthquakes”).
In this essay, the author
- Explains earthquakes are caused by a buildup of energy in volcanic or tectonic form.
- Explains that earthquakes occur when two tectonic plates touch each other, preventing any movement. rock breaking along a fault can cause the ground to shake because of the release of energy in the form of seismic waves.
- Explains that earthquakes can occur due to the stress and movement caused by the tectonic plates rubbing back and forth.
- Explains earthquakes are caused by a buildup of energy in volcanic or tectonic form.
- Explains that earthquakes occur when two tectonic plates touch each other, preventing any movement. rock breaking along a fault can cause the ground to shake because of the release of energy in the form of seismic waves.
- Explains that earthquakes can occur due to the stress and movement caused by the tectonic plates rubbing back and forth.
- Explains that intraplate earthquakes occur because of a fault that is pushed, as result of rocks that are compressed.
- Explains that a volcanic earthquake occurs when magma travels to the surface, breaking rocks, and causing an earthquake.
- Explains that earthquakes can cause landslides. earthquake magnitude has relations with the location of the earthquake, the distance, and the volume.
- Explains that foreshocks occur when pieces of rock crack under stress, before what is called the main shock.
- Explains that an aftershock is a tinier earthquake that might happen in the same location.
- Explains how charles f. richter invented the richter scale, using an equation tied to the amplitude of the largest wave ever recorded on a seismometer. later, other inventions were developed similar to that specific scale.
- Compares the moment magnitude scale with the richter scale, which allows for more accurate assessments of earthquakes of larger magnitudes.
- Explains how earthquakes can be broken down into different classes, and their magnitudes, from how are earthquake magnitudes measured?
- Explains that the mercalli scale is important to keep in mind when measuring the magnitude of an earthquake.
- Argues that the idea that someone can predict an earthquake is untrue. some people argue that animals act weird because of foreshocks.
- Explains that the majority of earthquakes occur between the boundaries of plates in the solomon islands, indonesia, and japan. earthquakes can also strike when one plate is forced past another.
- Describes the destruction of haiti's lycee marie-jeanne school for girls and delmas 32, a police precinct. before the earthquake, there was concern on the well-being of the haitian children.
- Narrates how an earthquake in niigata, japan injured around nine hundred people and caused nine deaths. the quake also set off a nuclear power plant that trickled radioactive substance into the sea of japan.
- Explains that sendai, japan was hit by an earthquake on march 11th, 2011 — normally, the japanese are accustomed to earthquakes, but this time, people realized the earthquake was different.
- Explains that an earthquake occurred on mexico’s pacific coast in guerrero, mexico on may 8th, 2014. the damage of the earthquake was extensive.
- Explains that earthquakes are important to study, since they affect so many people per year.
1870 wordsRead More - Major Earthquakes are Inevitable in Indiana’s Futureopinion essayEarthquakes, by Webster’s dictionary definition, are, “a shaking or trembling of the earth that is volcanic or tectonic in origin.” World Book Encyclopedia reports scientists believe that more than 8,000 earthquakes occur each day without causing damage. A little more than 1,000 each year are strong enough to be felt. Earthquakes occur in the general sense, anywhere on land. Other earthquakes go by different names, such as volcanic eruptions and tsunamis, large tidal wave storms that occur underwater, primarily in the Pacific Ocean.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that major earthquakes are inevitable in indiana's future. the quake, whose epicenter was located north of evansville, was a wake-up call reminding those who haven't paid attention to past warnings.
- Explains that earthquakes are volcanic or tectonic in origin, and that more than 8,000 earthquakes occur each day without causing damage.
- Explains that earthquakes are a natural part of the earth's evolution, and geologists believe that all land on earth was at one point in time connected.
- Opines that major earthquakes are inevitable in indiana's future. the quake, whose epicenter was located north of evansville, was a wake-up call reminding those who haven't paid attention to past warnings.
- Explains that earthquakes are volcanic or tectonic in origin, and that more than 8,000 earthquakes occur each day without causing damage.
- Explains that earthquakes are a natural part of the earth's evolution, and geologists believe that all land on earth was at one point in time connected.
- Explains the richter scale, which measures the "back and forth force" of an earthquake using an instrument called a seismograph.
- Explains that the largest earthquake ever recorded in the world occurred in chile and registered a 9.5 in 1960.
- Explains that large earthquakes reaching a richter scale magnitude of 6.0 in indiana are predicted to occur in approximately 2,000-year cycles, but geologists don't know when the last one occurred.
- Explains that the wabash river valley fault line runs between vincennes and terre haute. most predicted epicenters are located in southwest indiana and southern illinois.
- Explains that samuelson believes that there is a greater earthquake possibility in indiana. the new madrid fault line is the largest fault in the midwest.
- Opines that an earthquake along the new madrid fault line could be more devastating to indiana than a quake from the wabash valley
- Opines that an earthquake would destroy and damage property for miles from the epicenter, killing thousands of people who are not prepared to deal with its effects.
- Explains that there is not much concern in the muncie area about devastating earthquakes. samuelson is certain that if the seismic strength of a quake was great enough, it could do damage to buildings.
- Explains that delaware county emergency management agency has an all hazards, all risks plan for tornadoes, floods and earthquakes.
- Opines that gaznell's only specific plan is what-to-do in the event of a chemical or nuclear attack, which is written in response to the terrorist threats facing the country.
- Suggests the american red cross prepare for an earthquake by preparing a home earthquake plan, practicing drills, and choosing an out-of-town contact. prepare disaster supplies for home and car.
- Describes the steps to follow when shaking begins, and explains how to prepare for aftershocks, such as checking for injuries and extinguishing small fires.
- Argues that indiana's fault lines are further underground than those in california and alaska, causing more minor quakes in the midwest.
1293 wordsRead More - Causes Of The 1906 San Francisco Earthquakeexplanatory essayMr. Adams describes the San Francisco earthquake as his most profound human suffering experience because the horror of shaking floors, parts of his mom’s house collapse to the floor, and got a broken nose from stumbling into a brick wall (Ansel Adams & The 1906 Earthquake 2008). Earthquakes are part of natural disasters of the earth and normally caused by shaking the ground and rapid movement of one block of rock slipping past another along fractures in the earth crust called faults. Faults are usually locked excluding abrupt movements with slippage that create earthquakes (Lutgens, F. & Tarbuck,
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the 1906 san francisco earthquake was a natural disaster that was estimated to be magnitude 7.8 and caused the casualties of 2,000 people.
- Describes the 1906 san francisco earthquake, a natural disaster that was responsible for structural damage and the lives of many people.
- Explains that the 1906 san francisco earthquake was worse due to the ruptured power lines, which became uncontrollable because the water mains were also broken.
- Explains that the 1906 san francisco earthquake was a natural disaster that was estimated to be magnitude 7.8 and caused the casualties of 2,000 people.
- Describes the 1906 san francisco earthquake, a natural disaster that was responsible for structural damage and the lives of many people.
- Explains that the 1906 san francisco earthquake was worse due to the ruptured power lines, which became uncontrollable because the water mains were also broken.
- Explains that the 1906 san francisco earthquake killed around 3,000 people and left countless residents homeless. the army provided housing for 20, 000 refugees in military camps.
- Explains that the 1906 san francisco earthquake was caused by the san andreas fault, a zone of seismic activity due to the tectonic plates moving against each under the earth.
- Explains how to identify safe places such as under a sturdy piece of furniture or against an interior wall in your home, office, or school so that when the shaking starts, you drop to the ground, cover your head and neck with your arms, and crawl to it and hold on.
- Explains the basics of getting ready for an earthquake, such as dropping down into the floor and covering head and neck with arms, if still in danger of falling objects and crawling under a sturdy desk or table.
- Explains that the 1906 san francisco earthquake was originated like every other earthquake with shaking and violent movements, which according to photographer ansel adams lasted forever.
- Explains that the 1906 earthquake was the most destructive natural event in the history of san francisco.
- Explains that the 99.7% chance of an earthquake in california as predicted by the usgs is important because people prepare by creating a plan.
1908 wordsRead More - Thromas By Zeta Stevens Why Do Earthquakes Occur?explanatory essayThe earth is split into four layers, inner and outer core, the mantle and crust. The top of the mantle and crust make up what is like the skin of our earth (see source 2). The skin is split up like a puzzle and we call these puzzle pieces’ tectonic plates (see source 1). These plates are constantly moving and the plate boundaries (edges of the plates) move and slide past one another. Sometimes as the plates move the plate boundaries become stuck. Pressure builds up in the stuck area over time and eventually breaks. This is why earthquakes occur due to the sudden movement of the plate sliding and breaking creating a fault line to go off. The fault line is the line on which the
In this essay, the author
- Explains that an earthquake occurs when a fault line goes off and parts of plates become stuck against one another.
- Explains that earthquakes occur on earth's fault lines, but no part of the earth is free from them. the pacific plate collides with the eurasian plate.
- Explains that earthquakes can cause other hazards such as tsunamis, avalanches, and landslides.
- Explains that an earthquake occurs when a fault line goes off and parts of plates become stuck against one another.
- Explains that earthquakes occur on earth's fault lines, but no part of the earth is free from them. the pacific plate collides with the eurasian plate.
- Explains that earthquakes can cause other hazards such as tsunamis, avalanches, and landslides.
- Explains that earthquakes are very common because the earth's tectonic plates are constantly moving. statistics show that over 1 million occur each year worldwide, but they can't be felt by humans.
- Describes the impacts of earthquakes on the economy, society, and environment.
- Explains that earthquakes have many impacts that affect the earth and us as humans. the 9.5 magnitude earthquake in chile killed more than 5000 people, and the 2011 christchurch earthquake left 100 000 homes needing repair.
- Explains that the earth is split into four layers: the inner and outer core, the mantle and crust, and the tectonic plates.
- Explains that earthquakes occur with the tectonic plates movements and with them colliding, sliding or doing both against each other.
1145 wordsRead More - Coal Mining Pros And Consexplanatory essayThey are the earth’s crust; they move very slowly every year. As the tectonic plates slide over each other they cause earthquakes. Earthquakes produce various damaging effects this includes damage to structures of buildings, bridges and other standing formations which then...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that waste incineration benefits us because it creates energy to heat our homes and generate electricity.
- Explains that earthquakes cause damage to buildings, bridges, and other standing formations as the tectonic plates slide over each other.
- Explains that tsunamis are a series of waves that sends surges of water that can travel thousands of miles. they are typically caused by large, undersea earthquakes.
- Explains that waste incineration benefits us because it creates energy to heat our homes and generate electricity.
- Explains that earthquakes cause damage to buildings, bridges, and other standing formations as the tectonic plates slide over each other.
- Explains that tsunamis are a series of waves that sends surges of water that can travel thousands of miles. they are typically caused by large, undersea earthquakes.
- Opines that incineration is safer, cleaner, and does not produce dioxin. anaerobic digestion produces a biogas that later on can be upgraded to bio methane and fed into the gas grid.
- Explains that volcanic eruptions occur when magma rises to the surface of the earth, causing a bubble of gas to appear in it.
- Explains that most volcanoes have been around for 100,000 years, but there is no answer. they are always active until all the pressure is released.
- Explains that volcanoes affect the earth in many ways. they produce tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere resulting in heating up the earth.
- Explains that fossil fuels are one of the main causes of global warming and acid rain.
- Explains that people can reduce the use of fossil fuels by doing simple things like switching off lights and appliances when leaving the room, walking or cycling instead of driving a car or using public transport for longer journeys.
- Opines that biological control is a better alternative to pesticides in farming. a natural predator is released into the crop growing area to reduce the number of pests.
- Explains that burning and mining coal for fuel is harmful to the environment but because it is cheap and easy to find many people are unwilling to give it up as a fuel source.
- Explains that coal mining benefits humans and supports the economy in many ways. waste incineration units produce a lot of carbon dioxide gas approximately one third of the greenhouse gasses.
- Explains that plastics are inexpensive to produce, lightweight, durable, and have good properties for food packaging. 80% of post-consumer plastic waste is spent in landfill site, 8% is incinerated and the other 7% is recycled.
889 wordsRead More - Earthquake Geophysics Essayexplanatory essayAn earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that an earthquake occurs when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. the surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane.
- Explains earthquake geophysics, which consists of a 30 km thick crust, 2900 km mantle, and 3470 km core. elastic rebound theory of reid is based on this property.
- Explains that reid suggests that the crust, in many parts of the earth, is being slowly displaced and the difference between displacements in neighboring regions sets up elastic strains, which may become greater than the rock can endure.
- Explains that an earthquake occurs when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. the surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane.
- Explains earthquake geophysics, which consists of a 30 km thick crust, 2900 km mantle, and 3470 km core. elastic rebound theory of reid is based on this property.
- Explains that reid suggests that the crust, in many parts of the earth, is being slowly displaced and the difference between displacements in neighboring regions sets up elastic strains, which may become greater than the rock can endure.
- Explains that the point where the earthquake originated is called focus or hypocenter and on the earth surface directly above the focus, the epicenter. earthquakes are divided into the following types according to their depths
- Explains that wave's pass through earth and produce motion to the ground during an earthquake.
- Describes the effects of earthquakes, such as shaking of ground, displacement, fire, tsunami, flooding, soil liquefaction, and slope failure.
- Explains the magnitude of the tohoku earthquake, which is also called great east japan earthquake.
- Describes some major earthquakes worldwide with their damages to the life.
- Explains that soils and ground have significant role in earthquake assessment or seismic hazard assessment and helps to form earthquake resistant design.
- Explains that fluid induced seismicity is observed in oil-well stimulation, hydro thermal fields, filling of dams, and mine flooding.
- Explains that fluid induced seismicity is happening in oil field wells when there is less production from the oil well then the high pressured water is introduced underground in to stimulation well.
- Describes a well drilled by the us army in rocky mountain arsenal in the denver basin in 1961, where fluids were injected at the rate of 7.5-21 million per month.
- Explains that there was no seismicity in the area before the wellbore injection project started and after that a lot of seismic events happened.
- Explains that the malpasset dam collapsed due to rock foundation failure. water flowed in the fractures of bed rock at the bottom or toe of the dam, forcing it to lean downward.
- Analyzes the correlation between seismicity and increasing water level in the flooding area of a south african mine.
- Explains that the delay in seismic activity in mining was similar to that in dam impoundment. the delay fluid induced seismicity was observed in the rocky mountain arsenal case.
- Explains that earthquake prediction by environmental isotopes and tracing techniques has been noticed since 1980s. the mechanism of deep migration and to determine fault activity is used.
- Explains tracing techniques application of stable isotopes o18 and h2 can be measured with the help of mass spectrometer. investigation of circulation depth of geothermal water, water rock interactions and ground water recharge could evolve seismicity.
- Explains that groundwater shows abnormal changes due to observation environment changes or tectonic activity in the distant area. by tracing techniques of h2 and o18 the changes in water can be determined.
- Explains that earthquake gestation and occurrence is closely associated with the geothermal fluid's circulation depth.
- Explains that the greater the circulation depth of water more negative is the values.
- Explains that fault intensity becomes smaller and fault tends to move if the depth of circulation of geothermal water is large.
- Explains that wang studied the area south of zhangjiakou city for the seismicity and hydrothermal activity.
- Explains that water-rock interaction and fluid rock interaction change isotopic composition with rocks through which they are flowing. anomaly in ground water can be determined by long-term measurements of deep wells and hot springs.
- Explains that earthquakes and groundwater level fluctuations correlation can give us sign that how crust responses in response to tectonic stress and strain.
- Explains the effects of earthquakes on groundwater level changes in unconsolidated sedimentary basins. japan is one of the seismically active regions in the world.
- Describes the geological setting of kumamoto city, which is composed of unconsolidated sediments of upper quaternary.
- Explains that four earthquakes affected the groundwater level in kumamoto city during the study period of 10 years.
- Explains wang and manga (2010) and wang (2007) proposed a parameter (e) for the responses of seismic energy.
- Explains that the moment magnitude of kme was the smallest from all the four earthquakes, but the range of groundwater level change is highest among the 54 wells.
- Explains the range of ground water level changes due to foe earthquake was 0.01m – 0.15m which was at second number.
3184 wordsRead More - Power of the Quakeexplanatory essayAn earthquake is a vibration of the Earths surface that follows a release of energy in the Earths crust. There are various ways this energy is released. Manmade explosions, dislocation of segments of the crust or volcanic eruptions are all triggers for an Earthquake; however, most are caused by a slippage of faults. A fault is a fracture in the Earths crust along which two blocks of the crust have slipped within one another. These faults are grouped into three categories (normal, thrust and strike-slip) and are located all over the Earth.
In this essay, the author
- Explains how technology can reduce the loss of life in earthquake-prone areas. engineers have developed a number of different ways to build earthquake resistant structures.
- Explains dunegan, h.l., prediction of earthquakes home what’s new about ae/ms.
- Explains that earthquakes are caused by a slippage of faults, which are located all over the earth.
- Explains how technology can reduce the loss of life in earthquake-prone areas. engineers have developed a number of different ways to build earthquake resistant structures.
- Explains dunegan, h.l., prediction of earthquakes home what’s new about ae/ms.
- Explains that earthquakes are caused by a slippage of faults, which are located all over the earth.
- Explains that earthquakes are measured using seismographs and ground motions. seismograms reveal that seismic waves are elastic energy.
- Cites mooney, m.j. (1990). tsunami. (when the sea quakes) americas, vol. 42 issue 4.
1656 wordsRead More - Earthquakes: One of the Most Potent Natural Powers on Earthexplanatory essay“Earthquakes are one of the most potent natural powers on earth and regularly affect people around the world. Unlike often equally destructive severe weather events such as hurricanes and tornadoes, earthquakes can hit at any time. Earthquakes can also have a array of magnitudes with the strongest having disturbing consequences for the zones where they are concentrated, nearby areas, and even some far away in the instance of earthquake-generated tsunamis” (Briney 1). We think that the ground beneath us is unmoving but the earth’s crust is constantly moving and the destructive forces caused by this moving are called earthquakes. I will be talking about several topics: What causes earthquakes, two types of earthquakes, what their affects are, and what we are doing to predict future earthquakes.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that earthquakes are one of the most powerful natural powers on earth and regularly affect people around the world.
- Explains that the earth's crust is comprised of massive rocks called tectonic plates. the juan de fuca plate is responsible for the volcanoes that dot the pacific northwest.
- Explains fault lines are the boundaries between tectonic plates. most earthquakes occur along fissures in the planet's surface called faults.
- Explains that earthquakes are one of the most powerful natural powers on earth and regularly affect people around the world.
- Explains that the earth's crust is comprised of massive rocks called tectonic plates. the juan de fuca plate is responsible for the volcanoes that dot the pacific northwest.
- Explains fault lines are the boundaries between tectonic plates. most earthquakes occur along fissures in the planet's surface called faults.
- Explains that seismic waves erupt from a focus point and the focal depth is the depth underneath the earth's surface where the energy release was created.
- Explains that there are two different types of earthquakes; a regular earthquake on land and an underwater earthquake.
- Explains that earthquakes are the most deadly form of natural disasters, but there aren't any real positive effects.
- Explains that california banks have refined emergency planning systems, but whether those plans expect everything in the zone being shut down is something else. businesses are trying new things to get around catastrophic earthquakes and be able to move on without them hindering economic growth.
- Explains that seismographs help us measure earthquakes. the richter scale is a logarithmic scale, implicating that the numbers on the scale amount to factors of 10.
- Explains that micro quakes occur continuously, while moderate earthquakes measure less than 6.0 or so on the richter scale. scientists are still using foreshocks as a base.
- Explains that earthquakes are caused by friction and movement between tectonic plates. seismic waves disperse outwards from the focus point of an earthquake and travel inside the earth’s crust.
- Explains how a seismograph works and the richter scale.
- Analyzes the economic consequences of a catastrophic earthquake.
1919 wordsRead More - Haiti´s 2010 Earthquake and Its Effectexplanatory essayThe earthquake was caused by a strike-slip fault. A strike-slip fault is when the rupture is almost nearly vertical movement. During an earthquake, they slide past each other.
In this essay, the author
- Describes how a 7.0 magnitude earthquake devastated haiti on the 12th of january 2010. the damage was so cataclysmic that 300,000 people were injured and over one million were left homeless.
- Explains that the earthquake happened on a fault line between the conservative plate boundaries of the north american and caribbean plate.
- Explains that the earthquake was caused by a strike-slip fault.
- Describes how a 7.0 magnitude earthquake devastated haiti on the 12th of january 2010. the damage was so cataclysmic that 300,000 people were injured and over one million were left homeless.
- Explains that the earthquake happened on a fault line between the conservative plate boundaries of the north american and caribbean plate.
- Explains that the earthquake was caused by a strike-slip fault.
- Explains that after the earthquake, two twin tsunamis were in-directly formed, which caused some unstable land to fall off into the sea, this is also known as a landslide.
- Describes the damage caused by haiti's weak infrastructure and the lack of food and electricity. the u.s. sent 100 million in relief aid for the people so they could recover faster.
- Explains that scientists predicted that a major earthquake would happen, and warned people as early as 2008. after the earthquake, nobody knew about the tsunami.
- Explains that haiti is still struggling to rebuild itself after hurricane sandy set it back with food shortages and cholera outbreaks. corruption takes place in this as all the aid money does not reach the people.
- Explains that the haiti earthquake wasn't the biggest people have experienced due to the poor infrastructure of the buildings. port-au-price is the capitol of haiti and is very populated.
801 wordsRead More - The Continental Thrift Theory And Plate Tectonics Theoryexplanatory essayPlate tectonics can explain why there are earthquakes in the Earth reasonably. The definition of the earthquake is a fast and sudden movement of the Earth’s along geological faults, and the energy stored in stones is releasing in the meantime (Valentic, 2010). Figure 3 is showing some
In this essay, the author
- Explains that continental drift theory and plate tectonics theory was first put forward by alfred wegener at the beginning of the 20th century.
- Explains that plate tectonics can explain why there are earthquakes in the earth reasonably. there are many scales to define the intensity of an earthquake.
- Explains the definition of seismic hazards, which is totally different with seismic risk. seismic hazard map is confirming the relative movement of various regions.
- Explains that continental drift theory and plate tectonics theory was first put forward by alfred wegener at the beginning of the 20th century.
- Explains that plate tectonics can explain why there are earthquakes in the earth reasonably. there are many scales to define the intensity of an earthquake.
- Explains the definition of seismic hazards, which is totally different with seismic risk. seismic hazard map is confirming the relative movement of various regions.
- Explains the map of seismic hazards in the world, which shows the most dangers places in pink, red, orange, yellow, green, and white.
- Explains that it is difficult to judge high or low-rise building which is safer under earthquake, because it depends on resonance.
- Explains that the magnitude 7 earthquake in haiti on jan 12, 2010 caused many older masonry buildings to collapse, while high-rise reinforced concrete buildings were limited damaged.
- Explains that the concept of earthquake design was put forward between 1930 and 1960, and the international building code was developed between 1900 and 2000.
- Explains that ground condition affects earthquake properties, and shear wave velocity is changed in different kinds of soil types.
1331 wordsRead More - Chile Earthquakes In Chileexplanatory essayBefore I begin talking about earthquakes I should explain how earthquakes begin and their results. The movement of the earth plates are the ones that causes earthquakes. It occurs when plates meet along plate boundaries. When they move towards each other, one of the plates can be pushed down the bottom of the other plate, into the mantle. This is consider the subduction zone. When the plates gets stuck, it causes a lot of pressure on the surrounding rocks. The pressure will released and produce shock waves, they are called seismic waves and in other words, this will be called an earthquake. In this essay I will talk about the earthquake in Chile from 1962. I will speak how this earthquake affected the earth and the damages, not only to earth,
In this essay, the author
- Explains that earthquakes occur when plates meet along plate boundaries, causing a lot of pressure on the surrounding rocks.
- Explains that the 1960 valdivia earthquake in chile lasted for 7 minutes and was the strongest earthquake ever recorded.
- Explains that the earthquake was the largest recorded in the history of mankind. it affected the cities of valdivia, puerto montt, rio negro, temuco, california, new zealand, australia and kamchatka.
- Explains that earthquakes occur when plates meet along plate boundaries, causing a lot of pressure on the surrounding rocks.
- Explains that the 1960 valdivia earthquake in chile lasted for 7 minutes and was the strongest earthquake ever recorded.
- Explains that the earthquake was the largest recorded in the history of mankind. it affected the cities of valdivia, puerto montt, rio negro, temuco, california, new zealand, australia and kamchatka.
- Explains chile's economy grew at a lower rate of 2% in 1961 to 19363, but the cost remains unknown.
- Describes the chile earthquake of 1960, which left a scar in many people's hearts. they also pray for those family that lost everything in the earthquake.
729 wordsRead More - The Three Main Causes Of Tectonic Earthquakesexplanatory essayThousands of Earthquakes happen every day around the world, but only a few of these are actually strong enough to be felt. And fewer still are strong enough to cause any damage to structures, even so Earthquakes have the ability to destroy entire Cities or even entire countries (See 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake and Tsunami). But what causes Earthquakes to occur, what happens to a Cities Infrastructure (Utilities, Roads, and Buildings) when one does strike, and what can city leaders and citizens do to prepare before one hits?
In this essay, the author
- Explains that earthquakes happen every day around the world, but only a few are strong enough to be felt. even so, they can destroy entire cities or even entire countries.
- Explains the three main causes of tectonic earthquakes: divergent, convergent and transform plane.
- Explains that earthquakes can cause havoc with a cities infrastructure, such as roads, buildings, and utilities. earthquakes are not good for bridges and roadways.
- Explains that earthquakes happen every day around the world, but only a few are strong enough to be felt. even so, they can destroy entire cities or even entire countries.
- Explains the three main causes of tectonic earthquakes: divergent, convergent and transform plane.
- Explains that earthquakes can cause havoc with a cities infrastructure, such as roads, buildings, and utilities. earthquakes are not good for bridges and roadways.
- Opines that cities can recover and prepare for such catastrophic events by educating citizens about hazards and how to prevent them.
- Explains that earthquakes can affect everyone on a global scale, but for those living in earthquake-prone areas, they can become major mart of their lives. cities will be able to better prepare for such an event.
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