EU Migration

“…By virtue of Article 28 of the Act [of accession of the United Kingdom] … acts of the institutions of the Community relating, in particular, to the harmonisation of legislation of Member States concerning turnover taxes, shall not apply to Gibraltar, unless the Council decides otherwise. However, it is not disputed that the rules of Community law on competition, including those relating to State aid granted by the Member States, do apply to Gibraltar.” This special regime reflects member state’s belief that Union policies and law are founded on mutual respect, particularly on the obligations to take citizen’s interests into account, contributing to economic, social and political development endorsed under Article 93 TFEU. Authors questioned the adoption of the “ Community legal order”, since the possibilities of the opt-in and out of EU law in some member states and overseas territories, such as the UK and Gibraltar in relation to t... ... middle of paper ... ...altar, thereby complying with the free movement principles. However, at a deeper glance, Spain continued to refuse direct access by air or by ferry, implying there was a breach of the fundamental principles, to which Spain promised to abide. It would entail, free movement of goods and persons, but since only the latter one applied to Gibraltar, it should be considered whether Articles 45 to 48 TFEU have in practice been breached by not allowing so.

Report on Citizenship Citizenship is the relationship between a person and the country they live in and support, and in return receive protection from. A person is usually a citizen of the country they are born in, but in some situations you can apply to change your citizenship to another country. Political Rights Political rights mean equality before the law, universal suffrage, etc. — can only be the rights of abstract human beings, rights which abstract from the real differences in wealth, privilege, education, occupation, kinship etc. Natural Rights Natural rights are a political theory that maintains that an individual enters into society with certain basic rights and that no government can deny these rights.

When the European law was incorporated in the U.K, parliamentary sovereignty was abdicated to the EU which prioritised European law. Thus, parliament had abdicated its power to another body which is referred to as the transfer of powers. To overcome the issue of EU Supremacy and parliamentary sovereignty the European Communities Act 1972 was passed in order to avoid conflicting views. The European Communities Act provides that s 2(1) has direct effect of EU law provisions which suggests EU law regulations are automatically binding upon parliament without the need of creating new ... ... middle of paper ... ...matters. To summarise, the EU act 2011 does not alter the situation but it does allow the UK citizens to vote on whether there should be any further transfer of powers to the EU.

A. As it is known the European Union is a unique system that we never seen before, the European union based on many principle such as, free movement of goods, establishment, services, and workers and we can consider it a new legal order for three main reasons: - First of all the authority of the European Union law is independent form the states law, and individuals can appeal it. - Second, It’s a supranational origination setting above the states. The European Union has its own legal system, which becomes an permeable part of the legal system of the member states, and the court must apply the European Union law above the state law, when they conflict, European Union takes precedent over national law. -Finally, according to article 47 of the Treaty on European Union, the EU can join to international treaties since it is has its own legal personality.

The Principle of Parliamentary Sovereignty in Europe The concept of Parliamentary Sovereignty means Parliament has the supreme legal authority in the UK. It is not subject to any legal limitation within the UK as there is no overriding written constitution against which the validity of Parliament’s enactments may be tested. It cannot be bound by its predecessors and may amend or repeal any previous enactments. Parliament alone can make or dissolve any law, it can pass Acts of Indemnity and can also render retrospective legislation illegal and impose penalties on actions which were perfectly lawful when they were committed. The European Union grew from the European Economic Community, which was created by the Treaty of Rome 1957.

“We believe that the time has come to enable people to enforce their Convention rights against the State in the British courts […] Our aim is a straightforward one. It is to make more directly accessible the rights which the British people already enjoy under the Convention. In other words, to bring those rights home.” Since 1953, the international law bounds the United Kingdom to respect the rights which were set out by the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). However, the Convention became exceptionally important when the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 was enacted incorporating “Convention Rights” into domestic law so that they can be directly enforceable before domestic courts. Until the HRA, the ECHR could be used in UK courts to support arguments that public bodies had acted Wednesbury unreasonably, or that ambiguously worded legislation should be interpreted in a manner that favoured human rights.

In the article 8 of the Charter it is stipulated that personal data must be fairly processed and with the consent of the concerned person . The privacy of personal data has been a growing concern and in 1995 the EU adopted a Data Protection Directive (Directive 95/46/EC) establishing extensive standards with regard to the processing and free movement of personal data within the 15 Members States. The directive provides a framework for EU countries to adopt domestic laws in order to prevent unauthorized dissemination of citizens’ personal data. The Directive has two-pronged objective: the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and the free movement of such data . Member States must protect their citizens’ right to privacy concerning personal data processing.

The UK, looking at their historical background, has given great importance to its sovereignty. The UK could withdraw as a member of the EU but that would not be advisable as a great percentage of their trade depends on the Union. After all, according to Sir Ivor Jennings, “the supremacy of parliament is a legal fiction”.

This can be seen in the leading case of Netherlands v. Reeds where the court’s judgement explained “That, in some instances, general living conditions may be directly relevant to equal protection problems in the employment field”. In another case concerning EU citizenship, this was the Martinez Sala case, it was the first time the court relied on the EU citizenship provision and revealed the potential of its legal concept. However, some others claim that the courts ... ... middle of paper ... ...tives, the ECJ’s interpretive powers has permitted action to be taken in regards to health and education fields at the European Union level. In conclusion, the social dimension of The European Union will not have developed the way it would without the influence of the Court of Justice because; The Court of Justice has played a major role. This is to say that through the courts interpretative powers, it has permitted actions to be taken in areas the Treaty has not been able to achieve the necessary actions it should have.

European Economic and Monetary Union The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is a single currency area within the European Union in which people, goods, services and capital move without restriction (Europa Quest (1), 2001). Imperative to the success of the EMU is the implementation of a single European currency, the Euro, and the application of specific macro-economic policies by the EMU member states (Harris, 1999: 78). Moreover, it is the foreseeable intent of European governments to create a framework for stability, peace and prosperity through the promotion of structural change and regional development (JP Morgan, 2001). This essay will endeavor to highlight the fundamental gains likely to be accrued by the European business community as a result of EMU policy provisions. The developments and circumstances preceding the EMU formation will be examined to give insight into the functioning of a monetary union.