A. Summarize the four major pieces of legislation collectively known as the Antitrust Laws. Sherman Act of 1890- The resentment of trusts from the public that manifested in the 1870’s and 1880’s resulted in the Sherman Act of 1890. The core of the act is divided into two parts: In section 1 it states how every contract whether it’s combined in the form of a trust or scheme in control of trade or commerce among several states or with other nations is declared to be illegal. Section 2 simply states every person who monopolizes or even tries to monopolize or combine with conspiring with anybody that monopolizes any part of the trade or commerce among few of the states or with foreign nations shall be founded guilty and receive a felony. The Sherman act was against and prohibited all trade and monopolization. Presently the U.S. Department of Justice, the FTC better known as the Federal Trade Commission, wounded parties usually private, or state attorney generals can file antitrust suits against those who violate the act. The courts can issue injunctions to stop practices that are anticompetitive or if necessary break up those who monopolize into firms that compete. At one time it seemed that the Sherman Act was great and provided a strong foundation for positive government actions against business monopolies but it became clear later in the years that a more explicit statement of the government antitrust sentiments was needed. The Clayton Act of 1914 – This act was constructed and contained the amplification of the Sherman Act that were desired by the government. The Clayton Act contains four parts that were constructed to strengthen and make precise the purpose of the Sherman Act. Section 2 talks about price discrimination when disc... ... middle of paper ... ...cosmetics 2). Equal Employment Opportunity Commission whose jurisdiction consists of hiring process, the promotion and firing of workers 3). Occupational Safety and Health Administration whose jurisdiction is industrial health and safety 4). Environmental Protection Agency whose jurisdiction consists of air, water, and pollution of noise 5). Consumer Product Safety Commission whose jurisdiction consists of safety of products used by consumers. Social Regulation deals with more far more firms than industrial regulation. The various Commissions that govern social regulation have dealings with all the firms in the industry. Social regulation is greatly involved with their daily process in productions. The commissions under social regulation are very involved in things like product design, employee work conditions, and the conditions involving the production process.
On the GORT-5, Jarrod’s average rate was one minute and 71 seconds or 131 seconds. Jarrod reads very slow and is focused too much and pronouncing the words correctly that he is not able to make meaning from the text. Although reading comprehension was his strongest skill area in the GORT-5, research on reading fluency, has shown that when students are able to read fluently, students are able to improve their comprehension. Jarrod will benefit from explicit instruction in reading rate, prosody and building confidence reading aloud.
Clayton Anti-Trust Law and how they all impacted the United States entrance into World War I.
Unfortunately, these monopolies allowed companies to raise prices without consequence, as there was no other source of product for consumers to buy for cheaper. The more competition, the more a company is forced to appeal to the consumer, but monopolies allowed corporations to treat consumers awfully and still receive their business. Trusts were bad for both the consumers and the workers, but without proper representation, they could do nothing. However, with petitions, citizens got the first anti-trust law passed by the not entirely corrupt Congress, called the Sherman Act of 1890. It prevented companies from trade cooperation of any kind, whether good or bad. Most corporate lawyers were able to find loopholes in the law, and it was largely ineffective. Over time, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, and the previously passed Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which regulated railroad rates, grew more slightly effective, but it would take more to cripple powerful
Before a series of antitrust acts and laws were instituted by the federal government, it was not illegal for businesses to use any means to eliminate competition in late nineteenth-century America. Production technology was now advanced to the point that supply would surpass product demand. As competition in any given market increased, more and more companies joined together in either trusts or holding companies to bring market dominance under their control (Cengage 2). As President Theodore Roosevelt was sworn into office in 1901, he led America into action with forceful government solutions (“Online” 1). Roosevelt effectively regulated offending business giants by the formation of the Department of Commerce and Labor, the Bureau of Corporations, and antitrust lawsuits.
[5] "Increasing Number of Regulations Challenge Manufacturers." Industry Week. N.p., 24 Oct. 2013. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. .
The Sherman Act outlaws every contract, combination or conspiracy in restraint of trade. It also prohibits any attempt to monopolize. The Sherman Act enforcement can be civil or criminal. The criminal penalty can be up to $1 million for an individual and $100 million for a corporation. The Federal Trade Commission Act bans unfair methods of competition and deceptive acts or practices. Violation of Sherman Act also violates Federal Trade Commission Act. The Sherman Act and Federal Trade Commission Act are very effective, but they do not address certain specific practices. The Clayton Act addresses some specific practices such as mergers and interlocking directorates. For example, Section 7 of Clayton Act prohibits mergers and acquisitions that lessen competition or tend to create monopoly. Apart from these three core antitrust acts, most states also have antitrust laws. (FTC, 2014)
1. should the government require children to be vaccinated for preventable diseases. Do you support the legalisation of same sex marriage should workers continue to be paid double wages on Sunday. what is your stance on abortion. Should employers be required to pay men and women the same salary for the same job.
Both Acts aimed to protect the basic human rights of African-Americans, using federal law in the wake of the American Civil War. However this in itself is a major area of controversy, as the acts did merely aim to grant minimal rights to blacks, immediately suggesting their effectiveness was limited from the outset. Although indeed in contrast to this, it can be argued that the 14th Amendment to the constitution, embodying the Civil Rights Act of 1866, was a ‘step in the right direction’ and no matter how minimal that movement was, it was an essential starting point. The 1866 Act, defined all people born in the USA (except untaxed Indians) as national citizens, and this measure asserted the right of the federal government to intervene in state affairs should any discrepancies arise. This was a major advancement for the black community in terms of official social standing, especially having this act woven into the constitution, signifying a sense of security. However as shall be seen, it was not the idyllic, harmonious start many envisaged, supported by the introduction of the 1875 Act, which was designed to stop segregation.
The anti-trust laws were set in place to promote vigorous competition but also to protect the consumer from unfair mergers and business practices. The first antitrust law that was passed by Congress is called the Sherman Act and is a “comprehensive charter of economic liberty aimed at preserving free and unfettered competition as the rule of trade” according to www.FTC.gov . Later in 1914 Congress passed two more laws, one creating the Federal Trade Commission Act (FTCA) and then the Clayton Act, which now create the three core federal antitrust laws that are still active currently. Although they have changed over the last hundred years, they still have the same concept: “to protect the process of competition for the benefit of consumers, making sure there are strong incentives for businesses to operate efficiently, keep prices down, and keep quality up” as stated by the FTC.gov website on The Antitrust Laws.
The helper helps the clients to explore and choose possibilities for a better future. In stage II, the key problem of deciding what type of key opportunities in asking the question what the future might be on manageability. The helper asks the client what do you want the future to look like? In thinking about a better future are often leads to finding ways to make the future a reality. The first relates to those that need help in managing specific problems. The principles for helping the client work on an issue is to find out if this a crisis. Begin with issues that needed to work on immediately. “Large, complicated problem situations often remain vague and unmanageable. Dividing a problem into pieces can clarify where the value lays Egan, G. (10 edition 2014)”.
middle of paper ... ... Also, some railroads gave special rates to some shippers in exchange that the shippers continued doing business with the railroad company. In the Clayton Antitrust Act, it said no one in commerce could regulate rates of price between different buyers (Document E). It said that otherwise, this would create a monopoly in any line of commerce. However, the Elkins Act of 1903 pushed heavy fines on the companies that did that.
The age group that I am choosing to work with is four to five year olds. The aspect that I like and find most useful about Piaget’s theory is children are discovery learners. His idea of children learn best through doing and actively exploring rings true to me (McLeod, 2015). I find that four and five year olds learn best through what they experience. They learn faster be doing instead of just listening. They learn a lot through play and social interaction. They learn critical thinking and problem solving as well as enhancing their communication skills. This information will be helpful to me when I think of sitting in group too long. In a group setting you introduce the children to what the day will consist of and what they will be learning
The ability for the federal government to regulate businesses’ activity is given in the Constitution. Article 1, Section 8 is known as the commerce clause; it states, “Congress shall have the Power…to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes” (Reed, 173). Through the commerce clause, the government is able to regulate business activity by the use of administrative agencies, which is defined as “a governmental regulatory body that controls and supervises a particular activity or area of public interest and administers and enforces a particular body of law related to that activity or interest” (Administrative Agency, 1). There are two types of regulatory authority that agencies may possess; quasi-legislative and/or quasi-judicial. Quasi-legislative means that agencies can make rules and regulations that have the same impact as a law created by federal legislation. Quasi-judicial authority gives agencies the power to make rulings, just like in federal courts.
Since this debate still rages on, many people argue both sides of the story of the pros and cons. Many would argue that not breaking up monopolies actually increase the competition of companies that are attempting to break into some of the market share that the monopoly already has, more so than the free market that exists now. Proponents of the Sherman Anti-Trust act argue that “absolute power corrupts absolutely” (Martin, 1996) as originally quoted by Baron Acton. The idea that no competition within the business world establishes no risk and reward that is all part of the entrepreneur spirit of the U.S. spirit.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbid businesses connected with interstate commerce to discriminate when choosing its employees. If these businesses did not conform to the act, they would lose funds that were granted to them from the government. Another act that was passed to secure the equality of blacks was the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This act, which was readopted and modified in 1970, 1975, and 1982, contained a plan to eliminate devices for voting discrimination and gave the Department of Justice more power in enforcing equal rights. In another attempt for equal rights, the Equal Employment ...