Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

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Genetics
DCIS have neoplastic cells which proliferate within the ducts. The duct is bound by the basement membrane along with a rim of myoepithelial cells which are on the lumen of the basement membrane. Unlike normal breast ducts which are composed of a single epithelial layer, the lesions of DCIS has multiple layers of cells that increase into to lumen. Blood vessels, lymphatics, immune cells, and lymphatics either promotes or suppress malignant progenitor cells which may rise inside the mass of cells multiplying in the ducts plays a role in carcinogenesis. In the center of the ducts, necrosis occurs because the cells are the furthest from nutrients that circulate from the vessels outside the ducts. These proliferating cells are highly stressed due to being nutrient deprived, hypoxic, crowded and oxidative stress and mammary pluripotent stem cells are compelled to adapt to survive. This adaptation promotes apoptosis suppression which can result in a generation of genetically abnormal malignant progenitor cells before invasions (Espina 69).
Hereditary breast cancer—which is five percent of all breast cancer—is caused by a germ line mutation in BRCA1 BRCA2 genes. BRCA1 mutation related breast cancer is genetically different along with being morphologically and immunohistochemical’s phenotype being different from non-BCRA mutation related breast cancer. BRCA2 mutation-related breast cancer is genetically different from non-BRCA mutation related breast cancer, but it is difficult to differentiate BRCA2 breast cancer’s phenotype from non-BRCA breast cancer’s phenotype (Van der Groep et. al 1).
In non-BRCA mutation related breast cancer, hypoxia is present. Hypoxia is a “state of lower-than-normal oxygen tension” (Weinberg 265...

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...Breast Journal 15.2 (2009): 120-132. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Feb. 2014.

Kumar, Shicha, and Virgilio Sacchini. "The Surgical Management Of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ KUMAR AND SACCHINI The Surgical Management Of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ." Breast Journal 16. (2010): S49-S52. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Feb. 2014.

Altintas, Sevilay, et al. "Fine Tuning Of The Van Nuys Prognostic Index (VNPI) 2003 By Integrating The Genomic Grade Index (GGI): New Tools For Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)." Breast Journal 17.4 (2011): 343-351. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Feb. 2014.

"What Are the Risk Factors for Breast Cancer?" Cancer.org N.p., 31 Jan. 2013. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.

"Diagnosis of DCIS." Breastcancer.org. N.p., 09 Sept. 2013. Web. 19 Mar. 2014.

“Understanding Your Pathology Report: Ductal Carcinoma In Situ” Cancer.org N.p., Jan 20 2013 Web. 20 Mar. 2014

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