Introduction
When Luigi Galvani, the Italian physician, touched the exposed nerve tissue in a pair of frog legs they twitched. He unwittingly started the world down the pathway of portable electricity. We have progressed greatly since that day in the mid 18th century. With the help of many scientists we have developed many different types of cells/batteries.
The battery industry is a $46 billion industry with over 100 different types of cells. As the energy density rises at a rate of 5% per year, the demand of battery is growing rapidly. Most of these cells are defined as a Galvanic Cell. In this article, the chemistry, cost and practicality, impact on society and environmental impact of a dry cell and lithium-ion cell will be discussed.
Chemistry and structure
Definition of a Galvanic cells
A galvanic cell is an electrochemical cell where reduction-oxidation reaction spontaneous to originates electrical energy. Both the dry cell and lithium cell generates current so they can be defined as galvanic cell.
Chemistry of the dry cell
The dry cell battery is one of the most commonly used types, which includes AA, 9-volts batteries, and watch batteries. Dry cell batteries are different from wet cells, which can be use in all orientation. It is compose of a low-moisture paste to contain the electrolytes, a metal anode, and a graphite/metal cathode. This assignment is going to discuss the chemistry of zinc-carbon battery.
The zinc-carbon battery cell is one of the most common galvanic cell since the reaction – Redox occurs in the generation of electric energy.
Diagram of a zinc carbon cell battery:
In zinc carbon battery, the zinc metal casing is the negative terminal, which is in the anode where oxidation occurs.
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...quire protection from being over charged and discharged too far. They require protection circuitry incorporated to ensure they are kept within their safe operating limits.
Immature technology:
The technology does not remain constant because lithium ion battery technology is still in a developing area. Anyway as new lithium ion technologies are being developed all the time, it might be an advantage since better solutions are invented.
Advantages:
Nowadays we are living in a world full of electronic devices. They are essential for us because we rely on them to work, communicate and live. Lithium cell can be rechargeable allow people to use portable electronics, such as mobile phones and computers. The invention of lithium cell makes our life so much easier and it can even solve further problems such as improving medical apparatus by extending its use of time.
According to recent statistics, zinc is the third most commonly used nonferrous metal in the United States. This unassuming metal was among the first minerals exploited by Man, used as a decorative material for thousands of years, although it never achieved the fame and notoriety of other metals such as gold or silver. In more recent times, new extraction and processing methods have allowed Man to produce higher-quality zinc than ever before, and to use it in an astonishingly high number of chemical and high-tech applications.
Kranzler, J. H., Flores, C. G., & Coady, M. (2010). Examination of the Cross-Battery Approach
An electrode is a component of an electric circuit that connects the conventional wiring of the circuit to a conducting medium such as an electrolyte or a gas. The electrically positive electrode is called the anode and the negative electrode the cathode. If an anode and a cathode are placed in a solution of an electrolyte and a source of direct current is connected between them, the positive ions in the
Metals contain a sea of electrons (which are negatively charged) and which flow throughout the metal. This is what allows electric current to flow so well in all metals. An electrode is a component of an electric circuit that connects the wiring of the circuit to a gas or electrolyte. A compound that conducts in a solution is called an electrolyte. The electrically positive electrode is called the anode and the negative electrode the cathode.
This is the most common battery that people use today like Energizer or Duracle batteries. The most common form of a primary cell is the Leclanche cell, invented by a French chemist Georges Leclanche in the 1860s. The electrolyte for this battery consisted of a mixture of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride made into a paste. The negative electrode is zinc, and is the outside shell of the cell, and the positive electrode is a carbon rod that runs through the center of the cell. This rod is surrounded by a mixture of carbon and manganese dioxide. This battery produces about 1.5 volts.
Some batteries consists of harmful toxic acids and it may have threats of leakage because of its liquid state. This is called gr...
Advantages of these batteries are that it has a high density of energy and still has room to improve for future applications. This type of battery doesn’t need “priming” for first uses compared to other batteries. Also, it has a very low self-discharge, meaning the battery can retain its charge for prolonged periods of time. Furthermore, compared to other batteries, it can provide higher current to power tools and a more consistent power output, all the way until the battery is nearly dead.
cell we use today. The positive pole is a rode of carbon embedded in a
The Electric Franklin. "Benjamin Franklin's Inventions." Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, 4 July 1995. Web. 23 May 2014.
The purpose of this lab was to determine the concentration of an unknown copper solution using galvanic cells and the flow of electrons from chemical energy into electrical energy. Our hypothesis was that using the oxidation/reductions reaction in a galvanic cell that occur from the transfer of electrons, we would be able to determine the concentration of an unknown copper solution. In order to do this, Lab 10 was broken up into three sub-labs referred to as Lab 10A, Lab 10B, and Lab 10C, respectively. In Lab 10A, the objective was to determine the reduction potential for iron. This was done by submerging different
To generate electrical energy through oxidation of biodegradable organic matter the microbiological cell uses a biochemical oxidation process. This happens in the presence of a biocatalyst. There are many advantages in using microbiological fuel cells. For example the most significant advantage is that they use organic materials to produce electricity. Another advantage is that highly regulated distributions are not required like the ones required by the hydrogen fuel cells. The microbiological cells also have higher conversion efficiency than the enzymatic cells and around 90% of the electrons are harvested by them from the bacterial electron transport system (3).
So what was the thinking behind these inventors? What made them want to create the product or invention that they made? As well as most of all, which invention has impacted America the most? First we have to look at the inventions that pave the road for future ones. Such as the alkaline battery. There were three people behind this invention, Thomas Edison (1847-1931), Henry Ford (1863-1947), and Charles F. Kettering (1876-1958). Edison was an American chemist, inventor, and industrialist. Ford was also an American inventor and industrialist. Kettering was an American engineer and an inventor like the other two. Now a French physicist Gaston Planté made the first practical battery, employed electrodes of lead and lead oxide and sulfuric acid electrolyte (the solution that conducts electricity). Now thinking behind the battery was the car. In the beginning when cars first came out, they had a steam engin...
The history of engineering goes back into the 19th century when Alexander Volta (1745-1827) made a remarkable discover regarding the nature of electricity (Cosgrove 749). He discovered that electrical current could be controlled and could flow from one point to another. By the time the mid-19th century came about the rules for electricity were being established. During this time electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday who lived from 1791 to 1867 (749). Also during this time Samuel Morris invented the telegraph in 1837 which relies on the principles of electromagnetic induction (749). Alexander Graham Bell, who lived from 1847 to 1922, created the telephone which also uses electricity in order to operate (749). Through the success of the telephone, Bell Telephone Company was established. In 1878, the light bulb was finally invented by Thomas Edison who lived from 1847 to 1931 (749). Off the principles of Faraday’s electric motor from 1821, Nicholas Tesla invented a more efficient and powerful electric motor in 1888 (749). To make these inventions be more significant, effort was expended to make better motors and transformers and to enhance the power needed to make them function. Through these inventions during the middle 19th century, it led to the capability of lighting homes and cities through the use of electricity, and it also led to the creation of the telephone communication system (750).
Humans these days take electricity for granted. We don’t truly understand what life was like without it. Most young adults will tell you their life does not depend on electricity, but they aren’t fooling anyone. They all know that their life depends on electricity; whether it’s television, their phone, Google, or the lights in their house. We need to stop taking those things for granted and give credit where credit is due. That is why I chose to write about the scientists who contributed to the discovery of electricity, which then helped modern scientists fuel the electricity phenomenons we now have today.
The effects of electricity control much of our daily lives. Many of our gadgets and everyday tasks are run by this wonderful source of power. For example without electricity we would not be able to make a cup of coffee in the mourning, or even make a long distance call to family or friends. There have been several technological breakthroughs by many brilliant people throughout history regarding electricity. It has come from being discovered as a small current to being transformed into useful power to run such things as computers. Ben Franklin, Guglielmo Marconi, Thomas Edison, Paul Nipkow, and Charles Babbage have all contributed to the advancement of electricity, and all of their advancements have supplied society in many ways.