Historically, pharmaceuticals were discovered by mere happenstance. Traditionally plants were the major source of drug therapies. Different parts of the plant (e.g. roots, rhizome, leaves, seeds, flowers) would be used to make crude extracts. It wasn’t until 1928 when Dr. Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic properties of Penicillium notatum that the use of metabolites from microbes would bring about a huge change in the drug discovery model (Rubin, R.P., 2007). In more recent times, the identification of active ingredients from traditional therapies has led to the purification of crude extracts and increased drug potency. With the development of computer software and modern biotechnology techniques, screening millions of compounds has become incredibly easy. Chemists then attempt to modify potential target chemicals in order to produce a drug that has the desired effect with little cytotoxicity. However, this technique is lengthy, expensive and inefficient. The most recent model has been to revert back to natural products or semisynthetic drugs.
Many of the traditional sources of natural products have been exploited, however a relatively untapped source of natural products come from marine derived microbes, specifically marine sediment bacteria. The vast diversity of the world’s marine environments creates the potential for incredible biodiversity among microorganisms that take up residence there. Because many of the natural products of biological significance is due to a microbes need to compete with in its surrounding, this extreme diversity creates an incredible potential for discovery.
In recent years there has been a relatively large interest in marine microbes and as such some incredible natural products have ...
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S.marcescens is viable enough to flourish on standard media with the production of a pigment, which characteristically ranges from a red to a dark pink shade. Through its pathway of synthesis, Prodigiosin is formed as an alkaloid secondary metabolite with a linear tripyrrole chemical structure (figure 1), (Samrot et al, 2011). Secondary metabolites are natural products and also by-products of metabolism.(Vaishnav and Demain, 2011).
Bacillus globigii. (n.d.) WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. (2003-2008). Retrieved March 20 2014 from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Bacillus+globigii
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Eastfield College Microbiology Laboratory Manual, 1st edition, Oliver, T. D. (Book Must Be Purchased New from Eastfield Bookstore and Cannot Be Sold Back to Bookstore at the End of the Semester), Kendall Hunt Publishing, 2013, Dubuque, IA. ISBN 9781465223784.
Unknown# 79 was grown on TSA slant in a 370 c temperature after two days, the microbe replicated to more than 100 microorganisms, which has cream pigments, and convex elevations. The microbe entire margins and convex elevations. The microbe appears to be circular and abut 0.4-0.7 micro meter in diameter. Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol and safranin were used to determine the gram stain of unknown #79 as a gram positive bacteria. Under a microscope with 100x oil lens, the microbe was viewed as a coccus shaped and formed clusters. The bacteria motility was detected by growing the bacteria in a special kind of nutrient agar, the test was done in a tube deep containing motility medium. We stab it with an inoculation needle in a straight line down the center of the deep and the bacteria grows only along the inoculation line which shows that the bacterium is non-motile. Thioglycollate broth is multipurpose, enriched, differential medium used primarily to determine the oxygen requirements of microorganisms. In this test the growth was everywhere but it was best at the top therefore this determined the unknown #79 to be facultative anaerobe.Fermentation test is performed to detect the ability of microorganisms to ferment a specific carbohydrate. Based on the fermentation testes the microbe did ferment Glucose, Sucrose, lactose and Maltose. Si...
“Immune Response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
...id, acetic acid, formic acid, H₂ and CO₂ as fermentation products which increases ecological, industrial and basic bioenergetics interests in this particularly thermophilic bacterial specie.
Microorganisms play an important role in our life: helps us to process our nourishment, break down squanders and take an interest in different life cycles. They are various and have adjusted to occupy distinctive situations including outrageous conditions, for example, hot vents under the sea to ice tops. In “Bugged” by Rinku Patel aims that we know little about microbes, however there is a big part of unknown and we should learn more about these microbes that could benefit our health wise. Therefore, the author tries to emphasize on the effect of microbes in our life while engaging the reader to see things through the advantages of microbes, the disadvantages and defining useful bacteria.
Istiblennius lineatus (Rockskipper Blenny) will be collected from three different tide pools across the island of Mo’orea, French Polynesia in May 2017. Fish will be caught with nets and stored in tanks at UNC Berkley’s Gump Field Station before transport back to Atlanta for use in the lab manipulative portion. Two algal species that The Rockskipper Blenny uses as food sources will also be collected. The algae species collected will be the same for each of the three tide pools and are preferably from two different families of algae. Initial samples from each fish and alga, as well as water samples will be taken in field for 16s gene sequencing to determine the microbial composition. Samples will be stored in RNA and frozen prior to DNA extraction and sequencing. Water samples will be stored in ethanol. The initial fish gut and algae sample will be used to compare the effect of isolation on fish gut microbiome. The water sample will be used to determine differences in water microbial composition between tide pool
Compounding all of these solutions, the pharmaceutical industry needs to conduct extensive research on developing new antibiotics for various pathogenic bacteria by studying the bacterial structure. This will help scientists to formulate ways of counteracting the functions of the various constituents of bacteria.
Drug innovation and development is expensive and only a small percentage of discovered compounds beco...
Mechanistically many drugs used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory pathologies act at least in part by inhibiting NF-B transactivation. For example, the effects of many of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are mediated by suppression of NF-B activation by inhibiting IKK complex or by activation of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor PPAR-γ, a negative regulator of NF-B transcription2, 9. The profound anti-inflammatory potential of the widely used glucocorticoids is largely attributed to the inhibition of p65 induced transactivation of inflammatory genes10. Furthermore, targeting NF-B activation is one of the mechanisms of action of many currently approved biologics. The efficacies of anti-TNF-treatment11 or of abatacept, a T cell costimulatory antagonist in RA12 or that of glatiramer acetate in MS13 are associated with indirect inhibition of NF-B signaling. However non-specific responses, serious adverse effects and/or high cost are some of the factors that compromise the long-term use of these therapeutic agents. Hence development of potent and selective inhibitors of the NF-B canonical signaling pathway for inflammation associated chronic pathologies constitute an important goal of many researchers and pharmaceutical companies involved in drug discovery.
Dr. Berlemont’s main hypothesis was finding the means to link microbial ecology to biotechnology. The hypotheses that were formulated from this main hypothesis was identifying the types of glycoside hydrolases found in microorganisms, and determining how the specific GH genes found could be utilized in biotechnology.
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and has numerous applications in medicine, virulogy, immunology and more since the implementation of it in the lat 16th century. There are many microorganisms in the world habituating all kinds of conditions and locations, and the primary goal of microbiology to not only to identify but also characterize these populations. In the past this has been carried out by direct clonal culturing given the ease with which discoveries could be made about cultured organisms. This subsequently established a precedence for culture dependent isolations in the lab (1). However, as more evidence arose suggesting that this method only captures a small breadth of the microbial community, a new methodology has started to gain momentum. Instead of solely focusing on identifying lab-cultured microorganisms individually through phenotypic analysis of biochemical and physiological test results, samples from environments are being evaluated en masse and then identified successfully using 16S RNA sequence and phylogentic analysis (2). This new method of analysis presents to the world of microbiology not only vast room for expansion, but room for even greater medical and scientific advancements as well.
Drug is a chemical which alters the processes in the organism, which is used in the medicine for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the diseases (Farlex, 2011). Drug discovery is a long term process that needs money investment. The process of drug investigation takes approximately from 9 to 15 years during which the number of chemicals that can become drug is reduced from 10,000 to 1-2 (Saparov, 2011). Even after manufacturing the drug is studied by scientists for modifying its structure, delivery and effects on the organism. Drug discovery consists of several stages which help to examine its effectiveness and side effects.