Drought tolerance can be defined as the ability of the plant to withstand water deficit while maintaining appropriate physiological activity. Drought tolerance is a very complex mechanism which it not only depends on features of defense mechanisms but also on the response to several environmental signals (Xiong and Ishitani 2006). Drought impacts growth, yield of the crop, integrity of cell membrane, pigments, osmotic adjustments, water relations and photosynthetic activity. Plants adaptations to dry environments can be expressed at the developmental, biometric, physiological and metabolic levels; the least known and understood of these are the metabolic or biochemical adaptations involved (Blum 2005). Species or cultivars more tolerant to drought generally differ morphologically and/or physiologically, with mechanisms allowing greater production under limited water supply like maximization of water uptake by root systems and/or minimization of water loss by stomatal closure and reduction of leaf area (Kramer and Boyer, 1995). It is considered that increased ratio of dry matter to ...
The California water drought has been declared a crisis by the governor of California. 2013 was the driest year on record, and California could be running out of water. Californians should be water wise, and their use, or no use, of water will have an enormous impact on this drought. They can use the techniques published in a recent Time article called, 5 Ways to Bust California’s Drought, to reduce their water use. Landscape techniques, alternate water sources, and the personal conservation of water can reduce the use of water, and can have a positive change on this water crisis.
Carter, E., Theodorou, M., and Morris, P. 1997. Responses of lotus corniculatus to environmental Change I. effects of elevated CO2, temperature and drought on growth and plant development. New Phytologist. 136: 245-253.
The Great Basin of North America and Wyoming specifically, is known for its arid and semi-arid environment, as well as prolonged and sometimes severe droughts. Drought is the prolonged and abnormal deficiency of moisture with the concomitant decline in runoff to a level significantly lower than usual (Guldin 1989). The history of droughts in Wyoming has been uncertain in the past, but recent studies of tree rings in the Big Horn Basin of Wyoming have given insight to droughts as far back as 1260A.D. (Gray et al. 2004). Looking at tree ring records in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and limber pine (Pinus flexilis) trees, Stephen Gray and his colleagues discovered that droughts which have been experienced in Wyoming since the 1750's, are weak in severity and length when compared to those since. The most severe drought period in Wyoming’s history occurred from 1262 to 1281. The droughts of the 1930’s and 1950’s, which have been used as benchmarks for all other droughts in the United States in recent times (Woodhouse et al. 2002), are ranked 149th and 28th respectively in comparison (Gray et al. 2004). The five top ranking droughts for 10, 15, and 20 year periods are all prior to the 1800’s, with the four driest single years being 1263, 1274, 1278, and 1280 (Gray et al. 2004). This indicates a change in precipitation patterns in the Big Horn Basin area of Wyoming since the 18th century, as all recent droughts have been mild when compared to those of Wyoming’s past.
As a result of these factors, the flora has adapted to these conditions in a variety of ways including their shape, leaf type, root system, and color. One of the most prominent adapt...
The Big Five Personality Test provided an interesting account of my personality. Although the majority of the results were accurate, I was surprised by two of the outcomes. According to this test, I am a closed-minded, unmethodical, social butterfly that is well-mannered towards others and composed under pressure (John, 2009). First, the results were completely accurate as I am extremely extroverted. I never meet a stranger, and I carry on conversations with anyone. From the custodian, to the cashier, to a random person on the street, it gives me a great sense of fulfillment to engage in dialogue with others from all walks of life. Second, I agree that I am polite and supportive, especially with family and friends. Overall, I try to always
The another devastating abiotic stress which is considered to be highly responsible worldwide for decreasing yield and quality of crop productivity is drought (Lambers et al. 2008 ; Moghadam et al .,2011; Mohsen Pourgholam et al.,2013 ; M. Farooq et al., 2012; Abolhasani and Saeidi, 2004 ; Monjezi et al., 2013).It harms plant growth and development and reduces crop growth rate and also affects biomass accumulation. Generally, in crop plants drought severely affects the cell division and expansion, elongation of root, leaf size, proliferation of root and inhibition of shoot growth (Sharp & Davies 1989; Spollen et al.,1993;Yamaguchi et al.,2010). Furthermore ,it also badly hampers all kinds of plant functions and physiological and biochemical traits such as mineral elements, carbohydrates, free radicals, ions, hormones, lipids, and nucleic acids (HongBo et al., 2005; Yasar et al., ; Moghadam et al .,2011,Mohsen Pourgholam et al,2013) .The transportation of nutrients from the roots to the stem severely get affected by drought as the rate of transpiration is reduced and damage of active transport and membrane permeability take place (Viets, 1972; Alam, 1999; Yasar et al ). Simultaneously, due to decrease in soil moisture, problem occurs with the low distribution of absorbed nutrients by the plant roots in the soil (Alam, 1999; Yasar et al ). More importantly, drought leads to rise in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to energy accumulation in stress condition of plants (Smirnoff 1993; Asada 2006; Waraich et al.,2011).Drought diminishes photosynthetic carbon fixation primarily through restraining the entrance of CO2 into the leaf or by reducing metabolism (Smirnoff 1993; Loggini et al., 1999; Ap...
The following is a report on Australian drought situation. It will identity the definition of the drought, describe the causes of drought, represent impact of drought in Queensland and introduce management to help farmers cope with future drought occurrences.
The Big Five is currently the most accepted personality model in the scientific community. The Big Five emerged from the work of multiple independent scientists/researchers starting in the 1950s who using different techniques obtained similar results. Those results were that there are five distinct personality traits/dimensions. Here are your results on each dimension:
Each plant species has a unique pattern of resource allocation that is genetically determined but not fixed. Plants can adjust there allocation pattern when they experience different environments and the presence of other species. Phenotypic plasticity goes hand in hand with resource allocation as well. When a plant has to adjust itʻs resource allocation, sometimes it uses itʻs resources to help the plant grow different characteristic so that the plant can have a greater chance of living in the environment. For example, if a plant from an environment that does not experience wind on the regular basis enters a new environment that has a lot of wind the plant may change itʻs resource allocation and spend more of itʻs resources growing deeper
The “Big Five” factors are today one of the most-used scales for measuring personality; these factors are conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion. However, despite the widespread use of this scale, it is still debated whether or not it, or any personality test, can truly offer a complete picture of a person. To test this, I will use one of my best friends, Amanda, as an example.
Personality psychologists that were fascinated in what distinguishes one individual from another created the Big Five Personality test to conclude why we act the way we do as john stated (John). The Big Five Personality traits can be summarized into five separate groups starting with neurotic, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and Openness/experience. John states that in the systematic group The Big Five is now the most precise and most benefited model (John). After taking the Personality tests myself the results seemed pretty accurate to what I was expecting but in some of the categorize I was a little bit shocked as well.
Before taking this test, I began to think every open-minded about this five factor personality assessment. During this assessment, I realized that I was asked too little of information for this assessment to determine my exact personality. After, I received this screen telling my personality. There were five main factors and I was also told a score for all five factors. The factors were extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness.
Drought, on the other hand, is also associated with many plant diseases. Water deficit can aid many plant destroying pests and insects. Many agricultural pests are expected to thrive in drought conditions because of the warmer temperate (Grayson). As the temperature rises, they eat more and produces younger resulting in an unstoppable life cycle.
The Big Five trait assessment explores many different components of the personality, dividing them up into five main traits: openness, extroversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and agreeableness. There are multiple views when it comes to these traits, including the genotypic view, looking at traits as something you have, and the phenotypic view, claiming that traits are simply your tendency to act in a certain way, but not a certainty. The phenotypic view seems most aligned with how I view personality, therefore all the traits I discuss will be looking at my tendency to act a certain way. For the most part, the test results I got when taking the Big Five were accurate. My extroversion/introversion scale, aesthetics, and conscientiousness results seemed to closely mimic my behavior and cognitive processes, therefore I shall explore how those influence my
The strong cells wall prevents bursting. The cell is turgid. If plant cells lose water the cells become limp and flaccid. Water is essential for support in plants.