Like much of today’s technology, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles attribute their creation to the military. The idea of using unmanned aircraft has long been a dream for the military -- scouting planes without any casualties to report should something go wrong, air strikes with only time and money to lose, and the ability to wage war without losing a single life. Well the third one may perhaps not be realistic – as Afghanistan has shown, lack of ground troops leaves certain entities unchecked.1 However, it may be argued that “they represent a significant step toward the eventual automation of the battlefield—one in which teleoperated or robotic systems replace many soldiers.”2 Either way, these machines do create a less expensive and more dispensable alternative to conventional air battles. This creates obvious moral issues, as the country with such technology is no longer as tentative to engage in armed combat.
UAVs can do many things that conventional aircraft cannot. As Steven Ashley puts it, “’Traditional’ aircraft—fast photo/ reconnaissance fighters, high-flying U-2s, and sensor-laden patrol planes—nor the classified orbital spy satellites can do the job of the simple, prop-driven unmanned aerial vehicles.”3 These advantages, coupled with their low expense, place them in great demand. As Ronald R. Fogelman (U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff) states, “We are now impressed by the convergence of technological advances in computers, flight controls, lightweight materials, advanced electric motors, and communications packages that will make modern UAVs extremely effective.”4
UAVs are not only to be used for such questionable moral circumstances as war; these vehicles can provide a plethora of services in the commercial market. H...
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...chanical Engineering 125 (2003): 11.
52 Steven Ashley, “Robot Spy Planes Peer Over the Horizon,” Mechanical Engineering 118 (1996): 91.
53 Brian P. Tice, “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,” Airpower Journal 5 (1991): 48.
Works Cited
Max Boot, “The New American Way of War,” Foreign Affairs 82 (2003): 41.
Brian P. Tice, “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,” Airpower Journal 5 (1991): 41.
Christopher M. Centner, “Consigning Air Bases to the Dustbin of History,” Airpower Journal 12 (1998): 100.
John Degaspari, “Flying Blind,” Mechanical Engineering 125 (2003): 10.
Steven Ashley, “Robot Spy Planes Peer Over the Horizon,” Mechanical Engineering 118 (1996): 84.
Tom Clarke, “Flying Free,” Nature 417 (2002): 582.
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav.htm = info
http://uav.wff.nasa.gov/ = info
http://www.twofaces.net/newpage/1337hum1r/ = background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is generally thought to be an autoimmune disease that attacks the myelin sheaths, or oligodendrocytes that cover nerve axons in the central nervous system (PubMed Health 2013). This immune response causes inflammation, which triggers immune cells to destroy axons “along any area of the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord” (PubMed Health 2013). When the myelin sheath “is damaged, nerve signals slow down or stop” thus hindering the propagation of action potentials and limiting function (PubMed Health 2013).
According to National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable, often disabling disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that disrupts the flow of information within the brain, and between the brain and body. The central nervous system (CNS) comprises of the brain and the spinal cord. CNS is coated and protected by myelin sheath that is made of fatty tissues (Slomski, 2005). The inflammation and damage of the myelin sheath causing it to form a scar (sclerosis). This results in a number of physical and mental symptoms, including weakness, loss of coordination, and loss of speech and vision. The way the disease affect people is always different; some people experience only a single attack and recover quickly, while others condition degenerate over time (Wexler, 2013). Hence, the diagnosis of MS is mostly done by eliminating the symptoms of other diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects both men and women, but generally, it is more common in women more than men. The disease is most usually diagnosed between ages 20 and 40, however, it can occur at any age. Someone with a family history of the disease is more likely to suffer from it. Although MS is not
Physical and occupational therapy may also help. Multiple sclerosis is not a fatal disease. Most people with MS have a normal or near-normal life span and usually die from the same conditions that affect general population (heart disease, cancer). Multiple Sclerosis symptoms can negatively affect the quality of life. Suicide rates among patients with multiple sclerosis are higher than average. The majority of patients with MS do not become severely disabled. Women tend to have a better outlook than men. MS has long been known, yet diagnosis remains difficult due to the complexity of the disease and its wide array of signs and symptoms. Treating MS still relies on symptomatic relief, but therapeutic advances in the form of DMDs have shown promising
The symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis are variable and unpredictable as the disease impacts each person’s nerves differently. While this is true there are some symptoms are common to many people suffering from MS. Some of these are fatigue; which is the most prominent symptom as it occurs in about 80 percent of people, walking difficulties, numbness of the face, body or extremities, spasticity, weakness, vision problems, dizziness and vertigo, bladder problems, sexual problems, bowel problems, chronic pain, cognitive changes, emotional changes, and depression, which is a very common symptom. (MS Symptoms). Some of the symptoms of MS that are not as common in patients are speech problems, swallowing problems, tremor, seizures, breathing problems, itching, headaches, hearing loss, and other problems that can arise as a result of the
Multiple Sclerosis is a nervous system disease that affects the spinal cord and the brain by damaging the myelin sheaths that protects nerve cells. Destroyed myelin prevents messages from communicating and sending properly from the brain, through the spinal cord, to internal body parts. In the United States, more than 350,000 people are diagnosed with this disease. Anyone can get this disease, but it is more common among Caucasian women. MS symptoms begin between the ages 20-40 and are caused by nerve lesions being present in multiple areas of the Central Nervous System, symptoms differ on the lesion’s location.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating disease that affects approximately 400,000 Americans. It occurs two to three more times in women than in men and is most prevalent in women in their early thirties which makes researcher believe hormones play a significant role in developing MS. Patients can go through periods of relapse and remission with the possibility of the symptoms getting progressively worse with each occurrence. Statistics show that eighty percent who have MS will live twenty or plus years after its onset. Even with all the recent medical advances and research, MS is an overwhelming diagnosis to encounter.
Most patients have experienced various symptoms of all ranges and were ignored or have been thought to be signs of another illness. When MS is suspected, the patient will undergo a physical exam to see if they have spasms or tremors. A doctor will try to locate damage in two different areas of the Central Nervous System that include the brain, spinal cord, and the optic nerves. They will also perform evaluations on a person’s senses that involve coordination, balance, and vision. (NATIONAL MS SOCIETY WEBSITE) A neurological exam will also need to be in effect, one of these exams could be a Spinal Tap, also known as a Lumbar Puncture, which is a procedure that removes the fluid that surrounds your spinal cord and brain. Once the fluid is removed, it can be tested to reveal the quantity of immunoglobulins (antibodies), oligoclonal bands, and the specific proteins that are responsible for the break down of the myelin sheaths. And after testing, if a large amount of these are found, then it is an indication that there is an “abnormal autoimmune response within the brain and spinal cord, which means that the body is attacking itself” (WEBMD SPINAL TAP). But of course, a spinal tap does not positively confirm MS being present, but it does not deny it either, it is procedure to rule out all other possible diagnosis’ and conditions that
...y the best antidote to genocide is popular education and the development of social and cultural tolerance for diversity... Finally the movement that will end genocide must come not from international armed interventions, but... must rise from each of us who have the courage to challenge discrimination, hatred, and tyranny."
Multiple sclerosis is a serious disabling disease. Usually, the disease is mild, but some people lose the ability to write, speak, or walk. There is no single test for MS. Doctors use a medical history, physical exam, neurological exam, MRI, and other tests to diagnose it. There is no cure for MS, but there are drugs that slow the progression of the disease. As of now, there are eight drugs that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A tremendous amount of progress has been made. Most of these drugs target only the early stage of the disease, not the progressive stages that are worse. Treatment often depends on which type of MS an individual has.
However, a number of well-established findings have been incorporated into a hypothesis to explain the etiology of MS (Mahan & Escott-Stump, 2008). “Although a familial predisposition to MS has been noted in a minority of cases, familial tendency is not well established' no consistent pattern of Mendelian inheritance has emerged” (Victor & Ropper, 2005) (p.1093). MS is known to be a immune - mediated demyelinating, progressive disease the affects the CNS. The term Multiple Sclerosis is called multiple because multiple areas of the optic nerves, spinal cord, and brain undergo “Sclerosis” where myelin is replaced with sclera or scar
While there are many accepted measures to diagnosing multiple sclerosis, there is no specific test that shows proof of a positive diagnosis. Current diagnosis of definite MS involves both clinical (history and neurological exams) and paraclinical (MRI, Spinal Tap) evidence (Multiple Sclerosis Foundation).
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an erratic disease of the central nervous system that is often disabling. This disease interrupts the transmission of information from the brain to the body. MS attacks the myelin on nerve cells, which is a coating around the cells. The cause of MS is still unknown. Researchers believe that people are born with a genetic predisposition and that can be triggered by unknown environmental factors which result in developing the disease. MS affects 2.3 million people in the world. Though, the cause is unknown, there are factors that are associated with the disease including gender, genetics, age, geography, and ethnic background. The majority of people with MS are diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 50. MS is
Tice, Brian P. (1991). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – The Force Multiplier of the 1990s. Airpower Journal.
One Sunday morning as the families rested at home, John and some of the neighbours’ children played out in the filthy street. Without warning, the whole terrace rumbled and fell down in a heap of flying bricks and dust killing everyone inside. John and seven other children were orphaned. Subsequently they were confined in an institution along with two hundred other orphans and pauper children. They were kept until they could be sold as apprentices to clothiers and factory owners. Under the Apprentice Act, they were obliged to labour without pay or care until they reached the age of twenty-one years.
Willinger, Jeremy. "Why Teach Character Education and Etiquette in Our Schools?" New York Etiqutte Guide. Business Etiquette, n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.