The Analysis of the Intelligence of Individuals and Groups Much controversy surrounds the subject of intelligence. Intelligence tests were developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century to assess the intelligence of individuals and groups. However, criticisms quickly arose regarding tests due to results being used to justify discrimination between different groups and cultures. Theorists argued that the tests assess verbal, mathematical, and spatial capabilities, but they do not directly examine other abilities that seem to be inherent parts of intelligence: creativity, social understanding, knowledge of one’s own strengths and weaknesses and so on. This perspective led Howard Gardner to formulate his theory of Multiple Intelligence. This essay will begin with a background of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory and critique it. Howard Gardner proposed that people have several kinds of intelligences that are independent of one another, each operating as a separate system in the brain according to its rules. The original seven of his proposed ‘intelligences’ were linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthentic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal. There are many proponents of this theory, such as school teachers, children educators and physiotherapists. Perhaps the greatest utility of this theory is that it offers teachers a certain perspective into the different manner in which learners may absorb knowledge. The logical progression of this insight is that teachers should adjust their teaching styles so that it appeal to the maximum number of students ensuring thereby a more rapid understand... ... middle of paper ... ...tp://www.educationnext.org/unabridged/20043/willingham.pdf Wild, B., Rodden, F. A., Grodd, W., & Ruch, W. (2003). Neural correlates of laughter and humor. Brain, 26, 2121-2138; Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1998). Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 87 – 115, Cited from http://www.educationnext.org/unabridged/20043/willingham.pdf McGhee, P. E. (1971). Development of the humor response: A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 328-348; Rovee-Collier, C (1999). The development of infant memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 80-85, Cited from http://www.educationnext.org/unabridged/20043/willingham.pdf http://www.answers.com/topic/theory-of-multiple-intelligences, Website Visited 12-05-05 Gardner, H (1993) Frames of Mind, The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Publishhed by Fontana Press
Traditional theories of intelligence do not account for the ambiguity of classes such as philosophy or for the wide range of interests a child can have. For example, contemporary theories such as Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence and Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences both account for more than the general intelligence accounted for in traditional intelligence theories. According to Robert Sternberg’s Successful (Triarchic) Theory of Intelligence, are Hector’s difficulties in philosophy indicative of future difficulties in the business world? According to Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence, Hector’s difficulty in philosophy will not negatively affect his future. Sternberg would instead focus on elements of successful intelligence like Hector’s involvement and contribution as an individual, as opposed to relying on intelligence measured by tests.
Everyone has a different viewpoint on what it is like to go through a hardship in your life. Some people view struggles in life as a strength and that they build character. Others view struggles as a sign of defeat and that they should just give up. For example, the hardest thing that a middle class, 17 year old girl might have had to endure in her life so far is a heart-wrenching breakup with her first boyfriend of three months. While a lower class, 17 year old girl has had to take over the role of mother in her house with 4 young siblings, no father, and a mother who is at work all day, barely breaking even at the end of the month. Both girls are going through a hardship in their lives, but one might view the other as less severe of a struggle
Howard Gardener is a psychologist and a professor of neuroscience at Harvard University who also designed the nine theories of Multiple Intelligence (MI). In 1983, he introduced the first seven theories of multiple intelligences in his book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences; then, he introduced his last two theories in his 1999 publication of Intelligence Reframed. According to Parkay & Stanford, “Howard Gardener believes that human beings possess at least eight separate forms of intelligence” (2003, p.300-301). Thus, Gardner’s theories began to question the conventional beliefs about how students are educated in the classroom. This paper will examine the teacher’s role in incorporating these theories into the classroom, the definitions of MI including classroom activities, and benefits of using this theory. Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligence includes the following intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalists, and existentialist. Only two of the intelligences are commonly recognized in most classrooms: linguistic, and logical-mathematical. There are five intelligences that are frequently overlooked by educators: spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. The last two are generally not considered in the classroom: naturalists, and existentialist, but naturalist can be applied with the use of science context. According to King, the theory of MI has “…motivated educators to develop programs that instruct students in multiple domains” (2010, p. 250).
Howard Gardner’s theory contains eight main multiple intelligence. As the years have progressed there have taken one out and is left with the main seven. These seven are: Linguistic, Mathematical, Spatial, bodily, Musical, Interpersonal, and Intrapersonal. These are found in everyone; however, each person will excel in one or two. Once teachers can determine what intelligence the students will exceed on and teach to their strengths the student will learn much more.
Intelligence tests have been developed by scientists as a tool to categorize army recruits or analyze school children. But still discussing what intelligence is, academics have a difficult time defining what intelligence tests should measure. According to the American researcher Thorndike, intelligence is only that what intelligence tests claim it is (Comer, Gould, & Furnham, 2013). Thus, depending on what is being researched in the test and depending on the scientist’s definition of intelligence the meaning of the word intelligence may vary a lot. This essay will discuss what intelligence is in order to be able to understand the intelligence theories and aims of intelligence tests.
Charles Spearman's model of intelligence and Howard Gardner's multiple intelligence theory are two of the most widely used theories of intelligence. In order to understand how similar the two theories are we must first understand their differences. These two men differed in opinion on how IQ and intelligence should be measured, and they differed in opinion on what made a person "smart". In order to examine these things they first had to understand the human brain and how it works. They had to examine the human study habits and rituals, along with the human test taking habits.
The uneducated are often unaware of how people take advantage of them when under the power of a leader using propaganda. Propaganda is an opinionated advertisement used to control and appeal to people's judgement and emotions, and gets them to do what they want (Stults). Not all persuasion is propaganda, and not all propaganda is bad (Stults). George Orwell writes Animal Farm as an allegorical fable associated with Lenin’s lead over the revolution that established the Communist control of Russia. After the animals of Animal Farm are successful with the Rebellion against Jones, they to lose sight of how the pigs are slowly influencing them. Like the use of propaganda in Russia, the pigs on Animal Farm are able to manipulate the other animals using simplicity and repetition, distortion and bad logic, and fear.
pass tasks that an average 9 year old can pass, then the child has a
Historically, crime and criminals have always caught the attention of law-abiding citizens. Whenever there is mention of serial killers or unsolved murders or abductions, psychological profiling, now a household term, floats to the top of the list of concerns (Egger, 1999). Psychological profiling is an attempt to provide investigators with more information about an offender who has not yet been identified (Egger, 1999). Its purpose is to develop a behavioral composite that combines both sociological and psychological assessment of the would-be offender. It is generally based on the premise that an accurate analysis and interpretation of the crime scene and other locations related to the crime can indicate the type of person who could have committed the crime (Egger, 1999).
Human beings are clever creatures. This is proven in everyday life, but they also have a horrible side. People aren’t necessarily evil by choice, but rather are, whether they want to be or not. Certain traits can cause this change in other people. Without these traits, humans wouldn’t be as bad as they are now, but because these traits do exist, humans behave without truly thinking of the long-term effects, or of the affect they have on other people’s lives.
Famous American author Mark Twain once said, “I have never let schooling interfere with my education” (The Quotations Page). School is sometimes a difficult place to learn. Teachers can’t be expected to give an individualized lesson to thirty students at once. This task increases in difficulty when not all of the students are behaving or when the students are at different levels of learning. Some schools, however, are attempting to make learning easier on both students and teachers. The methods of tracking and ability grouping are revolutionizing the way teachers teach and students learn.
Personality can be defined as an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting. Many personality theorists have put forward claims as to where personality is derived from and how it develops throughout an individual’s life. The two main personality theories this essay will be focusing on is the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) (Bandura, 1986) and the Trait Theory – Five Factor Theory (FFT) (McCrae and Costa, 1995). The SCT allocates a central role to cognitive, observational learning and self-regulatory processes (Bandura, 1986). An individual’s personality develops through experiences with their sociocultural environment. Whereas the Trait Theory proposes that all individuals are predisposed with five traits (Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Neuroticism) which determines our personality. This theory also puts forward that personality is stable and cannot change as it’s biologically determined.
The study of IQ and how it operates in the education field has been argued through various theories. Theorist such as Howard Garner, R...
Dr. Reuven Bar-On’s (2005) reports that social intelligence publications began appearing in 1920 with the work of Edward Thorndike. The early studies concerning emotions and behaviour focused on the description of, the definition of, and the assessment of socially competent behaviours. Edgar Doll (1935) published the first instrument designed to measure the socially intelligent behaviour in young children (Bar-On, 2005). In 1940, Wechsler described “non-intelligent” factors of behaviour, such as personality traits as well as an individual’s anxiety, persistence and goal awareness, which can also be attributed to be a reference to the construct of EI. Scholars began to shift their focused attention from describing and assessing general intellectual intelligence, to gaining an understanding of the purposeful interpersonal behaviours and the role intelligence plays in an individual’s effective adaptability (Zirkel, 2000). With this shift in concentration, came the strengthening of Wechsler’s definition of general intelligence. According to Bar-On (2005), these early characterizations of intelligence may have influenced the way that emotional intelligence was later conceptualised. In the 1960’s there was interest in an individuals’ social intelligence. Thorndike originally described social intelligence, as an individual’s ability to understand and manage other people and to engage in adaptive social interactions (Cantor and Kihlstrom, 1987). However, the interest seems to have faded with the start of the 1970’s (Salovey & Sluyter, 1997). Interest in social intelligence or other intelligences revived in 1983 when Howard Gardner introduced the theory of multiple intelligences (Brualdi, 1996; Gardner, 1993; Gardner, 1995). Gardner propos...
Howard Gardner, a professor at Harvard, introduced his theory of multiple intelligences in 1983. Multiple intelligence’s is a theory about the brain that says human beings are born with single intelligence that cannot be changed, and is measurable by a psychologist. Gardner believes that there are eight different intelligences in humans. The eight are verbal linguistic, visual spatial, bodily kinesthetic, mathematical logic, musical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist. Understanding these intelligence’s will help us to design our classroom and curriculum in a way that will appeal to all of our students. We might also be able to curve discipline problems by reaching a student in a different way. One that will make more sense to them and more enjoyable. We can include all of the intelligences in lessons to accommodate all of the students’ different learning styles at once. By reaching each students intelligence we can assume that a student will perform better which, could mean students retaining more important information. A students learning style can also help lead them into a more appropriate career direction. As a teacher you can also learn your own personal learning style or intelligence to help improve the way you learn and teach.