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What are the advantages and disadvantages of cooperative learning
What are the advantages and disadvantages of cooperative learning
Review of related literature on cooperative learning
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Introduction
Cooperative learning is one of many important elements in learning. Many people especially student have been used cooperative learning as their learning method. Cooperative learning can also be used to improve the student social skill. The student can learn how to work together to solve a problem. I choose this topic because many people usually prefer to work alone in learning in other word without cooperative learning, and I hope this will help many people out there. As Sheerin cited (1996:56), Because of there are a different people with different ability in one group of learning, They can help each other, and cover each other weakness, so they will easier achieving their goal, yet There are still a problem in cooperative learning, so I will tell you about cooperative learning base on individualism versus cooperative learning, student motivation in learning, and cooperative learning affect student motivation.
Cooperative Learning versus Individualism
According to Zoltan Donyei, the meaning of cooperative learning is a method of learning that requires cooperation to accomplish their group learning goals, usually the learning in a form of a group with at least two people or more. Zoltan Donrei said that cooperative learning is a learning method based on student interaction in the classroom; it means the teacher will give instruction to the student this will help them to achieve their learning goal. Olsen and Kalgan 1992 have listed five ways to achieve cooperative learning structures. The first is structuring the goal it means that the group must work together to achieve group learning goals for example work together in the performance group. Second is structuring the rewards it means that the rewards...
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... the better job, or the salary has been increased. Extrinsic motivation has been separated into four parts. The first is external regulation means extrinsic motivation requires external action such as present and warning for example teacher praise his or her student because he or she get a good marks on the mid-term. Second, is introjected regulation this include external rule which student acknowledge, and it will force the student to obey the rule for example john must work on time if he late go to work he will be punished by his boss. Third, is identified regulation this will happen if the person is going to indicate the regulation process is, and acknowledge it. The last is the developmental form from extrinsic motivation, and it is integrated regulation this include regulation, which is being assimilated with the needs, values, and identities of the individual.
Extrinsic motivation also plays a role whether the students feel self-determination to accomplish their goals or not. In an environment where the students are made to feel connected to their leaders and peers, extrinsic motivation such as good grades can serve as an extra incentive to reach their goals. In environments where students feel disconnected to those around them, extrinsic motivation can become stressful, and its role can change from supportive to
In Harmer’s view, extrinsic motivation is the result of any number of outside factors such as the need to pass the exam, the hope of financial reward or the possibility of future travel. Ryan and Deci (2000) identified four subtypes of extrinsic motivation based on the level of self-determination: (1) external regulation refers to the behaviors which are determined by sources external to the person such as tangible benefits or costs; (2) introjected regulation refers to reasons of performing an activity due to some types of internalized rules or demands that pressurize an individual to carry out that activity to avoid guilt or anxiety or to attain ego-enhancement or pride; (3) identified regulation occurs when the person willingly perform the activity because they have chosen to do so for personally related reasons; and (4) and integrated regulation occurs when “identified regulations have been fully assimilated to the self […] through self-examination and bringing new regulations into congruence with one’s other values and needs” (Ryan and Deci, 2000, p.
The first of the three, intrinsic motivation, explains that the individual does something purely out of enjoyment, and that the activity is gratifying in itself. Vallerand and O’Connor (1989) came up with a three part grouping of intrinsic motivation. There is intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation, which is doing something for the sensory pleasure it brings, like a person parachuting because they enjoy the sensation of falling through the air. Intrinsic motivation to know relates to doing an activity in order to learn. A person taking an online class to learn more on that field shows off this type of motivation. The last part of intrinsic motivation is to accomplish. This refers to an individual performing an activity for the pleasure of achievement, creating, or to surpass oneself. When a person is focused more on the process of achievement rather than the actual achievements results, they are intrinsically motivated through accomplishment (Vallerand and Grouzet, 2001). Extrinsic motivation is present whenever there some kind of external factors waiting for the individual at the end of the activity. There are four different forms of extrinsic motivation, which are defined by the degree to which the motivation is self-determined (Lapointe and Perreault, 2013). First of the four is integrated regulation, which means an individual joined
Motivation can come from internal sources (intrinsic), which have psychological and biological variables or from external (extrinsic) sources like incentives and goals (Deckers, 2010). Intrinsic motivation develops in individuals to give them their own personalities and preferences towards specific behaviors, examples include participating in certain activities or sports because you find them enjoyable or doing a Sudoku puzzle because it is a challenge you find fun or interesting. In these examples, an individual’s behavior is motivated by something internal that makes them want to participate in the activity just to do it (Cherry, 2013). Extrinsic motivation is when an individual performs...
Extrinsic motivation is easier to use because there is a mixture of rewards, pain and fear and pleasure to motivate others or ourselves. Moreover, extrinsic motivation can be effective by using its moving away or moving toward motivation. For the motivations to be effective it is useful to try the different types of motivation in different circumstances we are in. Changes come from within us so it is motivating to be with positive people to be inspired, motivated and encouraged. Scriberras (Lecture 2013-2014)
As future teacher, I need to be aware that my classroom will be filled with diverse learners. There will be students that need extra attention, accommodations, and modifications in the classroom to reach their academic goals by way of the collaboration of Special Education and general education teacher’s. There will be diverse learners with different issues to overcome that require a knowledgeable teacher who can assist the students to reach particular individualized goals because, as we know, everyone is different I want to be able to reach out and help every single one of my students and by taking courses about learning the needs of exceptional learners, such as Collaboration for Inclusive Schooling, I may learn how to work with and assist students with special needs and provide for them an opportunity to learn.
Once stated by Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Motivation is the art of getting people to do what you want them to do because they want to do it.” The aforementioned ideology places an emphasis on an individual’s internal desires, rather than an outside/external force driving the individual’s consciousness (cognitive evaluation.) Therefore intrinsic motivation is one in which an individual 's own desire comes from within; a relentless and genuine passion for an intended goal. On the contrary, when an individual relies on external factors such as, a reward or any other form of external reinforcement, an extrinsic motivation is exhibited. Although society likes to stress the importance in pursuing an internal motivation, in today 's modern world, an extrinsic factor far outweighs an internal desire to accomplish an objective.
Classroom management plays an important role in effective teaching by providing a desirable environment which promotes better learning and student growth. The most important effect that classroom management has on student behavior is that it promotes better learning because students can better focus when their environment is free from distraction and conflict. When a teacher provides a well-organized and controlled environment, student’s academics interest and performance increase while behavioral issues decreased (Pope, 2010). One classroom management technique I plan to use in my future classroom setting will include the use of cooperative learning. According to Maher (2010), cooperation learning leads to higher group and individual achievement, higher-quality reasoning strategies, more frequent transfer of these from the group to individual members, greater metacognitive skills, and more new ideas and problem-solving. Students will be assigned heterogeneous groups with a mixture of high achievers with low achievers. Groups will also be created to ensure diversity between gender and ethnicity.
According to Gerlach, "Collaborative learning is based on the idea that learning is a naturally social act in which the participants talk among themselves (Gerlach, 1994). It is through the talk that learning occurs."Collaborative learning is an educational approach to teaching and learning that involves groups of students working together to solve a problem, complete a task, or create a product. According to Gerlach, "Collaborative learning is based on the idea that learning is a naturally social act in which the participants talk among themselves (Gerlach, 1994). It is through the talk that learning occurs." pair share activity , This learning strategy promotes classroom participation by encouraging a high degree of pupil response, rather than using a basic recitation method in which a teacher poses a question and one student offers a response. Additionally, this strategy provides an opportunity for all students to share their thinking with at least one other student which, in turn,
Intrinsically motivated behaviors are those that one does for enjoyment of the activity itself. There is no external reward for these behaviors, and it is seen as a prototype for autonomous behaviors. Extrinsically motivated behaviors are those that one does to illicit a direct consequence. In some cases, one might behave a certain way to avoid punishment, or alternatively, to receive a reward. Most people are extrinsically motivated to go to work every day. There are four different types of extrinsic motivation: External, introjected, identified, and integrated. For certain activities, Amotivation can occur, which usually has negative effects. This occurs when people’s needs aren’t being satisfied by whatever they are doing. Each of the types of motivation can be located on The Self-Determination
According to Robert E. Quinn(p.205) there are two types of motivation (extrinsic and intrinsic). Extrinsic motivation refers to the source of motivation in which the behavior concern external factors such as money, praise or rewards. Whereas intrinsic motivation is the behavior which is internally concerning an individual.
Building self-esteem, enhancing student satisfaction with the learning experience, and promoting a positive attitude toward the subject matter are all benefits of collaborative learning. A higher degree of accomplishment takes place as a group because you essentially are a team. An example of this is a sports team. In a collaborative situation it takes every member to do his or her part in order for a situation to have a greater resolution; as where a sports team needs everybody’s individual talent to win a game. In retrospect, as a group; the contributions of our own talents can make the difference between a “win or Lose situation” it gives you a sense of competition, and knowing that you can win as a group; self esteem in one’s self is accentuated. Johnson and Johnson (1989), Slavin (1967). Another benefit to collaborative learning is based on the members of your group. Every individual in the group demonstrates their own input based on where they were born, what nationality they are so on and so on. The benefit of this is that you get a different perspective on things rather than always knowing what you know. You can take information from other cultures and add or apply it to what you already know.
Collaborative learning is an educational approach that involves groups of learners working together to reach a consensus through negotiation to solve a problem, complete a task, or create a product (Bruffee, 1993). Learning occurs through active engagement among peers, wherein the main characteristics of collaborative learning are: a common task or activity; small group learning, co-operative behaviour; interdependence; and individual responsibility and accountability (Lejeune, 2003).
Scarnati, J. T. (2001). Cooperative learning: make groupwork work. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 67(Fall), 71-82.
The application of collaborative learning strategies is a process in which two or more students work together. Collaborative strategies will be used in planning, translating and reviewing the education process to form student learning through group-oriented activities. This source will also be useful in lesson planning to help explain how collaborative learning strategies in the classroom will help students in the learning process improve by interaction; how positive interdependence of collaborative learning leads to common responsibility; how collaborative learning builds students’ self-esteem, and confidence in students. This application recommends that collaborative learning strategies can be implemented with Jig-saw technique as well as in learning technology which can be accessible to all participants working in cooperative groups (Iqbal, Kousar, and Ajmal, 2011).