Task 1 – Extraction of DNA, Gel electrophoresis and PCR
We attended the life centre as part of our assignment. We done PCR to find out what our PTC genotype would be. To do this we had to carry out the following steps: DNA extraction, PCR and gel electrophoresis. My genotype matched my phenotype, showing that I was a PTC taster and my genotype was hetero zygote taster. The first thing we had to do was taste two different pieces of paper. One of the pieces had had nothing on it and the other had some sort of flavour put onto it. If you could taste the second one which had something on it, our phenotype suggested we were a PTC taster. My phenotype was Tt which suggests that I was a PTC taster. We then carried out the following three steps to identify whether or not our genotype would prove this.
Extraction of DNA
DNA is extracted from human cells for a variety of reasons. With a pure sample of DNA you can test a newborn for a genetic disease, analyze forensic evidence, or study a gene involved in cancer.
The first thing we had to do was to collect the cheek cells. To do this we had to burst the cells open to release the DNA then separate the DNA
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This technique is also used for separating molecules such as proteins. The gel is the filter that sorts the DNA strands. When it comes to it place the DNA samples into holes at one end of the gel. The term electrophoresis is how we push the DNA strands through the gel filter. An electric current was added to make the DNA. Short strands move through the holes in the gel more quickly that long strands. Over time, the shorter strands in the sample will move further away from the starting point that the longer strands. DNA strands of the same length will move at the same speed and end up grouped together. In this way, the DNA strands in the sample sort themselves. Staining the sorted groups of DNA makes them visible to the naked
Aside from the pedagogical implications of such a striking phenotype, many pioneering studies relating to PTC and the taster/non-taster phenotype have been conducted since its discovery (Wooding 2006). Directly after Fox presented his findings for the National Academy of Sciences, Blakeslee also presented his large-scale study of PTC inheritance within families and saw a similar phenomenon of taster and non-taster phenotypes. Furthermore, Blakeslee classified the tasters according to their taste acuity using dilutions at which the bitte...
As the solution pH can influence the stability of NaClO-NH3 blend and the elimination of SO2, NOx, the impact of the pH of NaClO-NH3 blend solution on the instantaneous removal as well as the duration time was investigated, and the final pH after reaction was also detected and shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that the variation of solution pH has a negligible effect on the desulfurization, but the elevated pH has a great promotion on the NOx removal, the efficiencies are significantly increased from 36% to 99% for NO2 in the pH range of 5–12 and from 19% to 65% for NO when the pH is between 5 and 10, after where, both of them are constant. Hence, the optimal pH of the NaClO-NH3 solution for the
The DNA retrieved from the reaction can then be. imported into an apparatus using gel electrophoresis to compare the sample of DNA to other. samples. The. In our experiment we learned the how to replicate tiny samples of DNA into usable amounts and how to analyze the specimen using gel electrophoresis.
DNA evidence should not be collected from suspects as a matter of routine unless the information is relevant to a specific crime in question. For example, it would appropriate to obtain a DNA sample from a suspect where DNA evidence is left at the scene of a crime and the suspect's DNA in needed to prove the suspect's involvement.
DNA is the blueprint of life. It stores our genetic information which is what is in charge of how our physical appearance will look like. 99.9% of human DNA is the same in every person yet the remaining .1% is what distinguishes each person (Noble Prize). This small percentage is enough to make each person different and it makes identifying people a lot easier when its necessary. DNA not only serves to test relationships between people it also helps in criminal cases. DNA testing in criminal cases has not been around for many years if fact it was not until the early 1990s when the use of DNA testing for criminal cases was approved and made available. By comparing the DNA of a suspect and that found in the crime scene a person can either be convicted of a crime or they can be exonerated. This method of testing gained more publicity in the 1984 case of Kirk Noble Bloodsworth a man who had been convicted of the rape and first degree murder of a nine year old girl in Maryland. His case was a milestone in the criminal justice system since it involved the use of new technology and it also raised the question of how many people had been wrongly incarcerated for a crime they did not commit.
Introduction In our genes, multiple different alleles determine whether one person will have a certain trait or not. Alleles are what make up our genotypes and in this lab, we wanted to determine the genotypes of our class in the two loci: TAS2R38 and PV92. The TAS2R38 locus codes for a protein that involves the bitter taste of PTC; the gene determines whether or not a person will taste the PTC paper as very bitter or no taste at all. People with the “T” allele are tasters, while those that are homozygous recessive (tt) are non-tasters. The taster locus can be found in chromosome 7.3.
. DNA can be left or collected from the hair, saliva, blood, mucus, semen, urine, fecal matter, and even the bones. DNA analysis has been the most recent technique employed by the forensic science community to identify a suspect or victim since the use of fingerprinting. Moreover, since the introduction of this new technique, there has been a large number of individuals released or convicted of crimes based on DNA left at the crime scene. DNA is the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid.
During this time, it could only be used in a lab with semi-intense supervision. Now, fast forward a few decades and there are D.I.Y. at home kits. The process of Electrophoresis starts with an electric current being run through a gel containing the molecules of interest. The molecules will then travel through the gel in different directions and speeds, based on their size and charge, allowing them to be separated from each other. Dyes, fluorescent tags, and radioactive labels can all enable the molecules on the gel to be seen after they have been separated. Because of these identification markers, they appear as a band across the top of the gel. Electrophoresis can be used for many different things. It is used to identify and study DNA or DNA fragments, and helps us to better understand the molecular components of both living and deceased organisms. Electrophoresis can also be used to test for genes related to specific diseases and life altering diagnoses such as Multiple Sclerosis, Down’s Syndrome, kidney disease, and some types of cancer. Electrophoresis also plays a major role in the testing of antibiotics. It can be used to determine the purity and concentration of one specific type of antibiotic or several general antibiotics at a time. Electrophoresis is also extremely useful in the creation and testing of
The two modes of analysis that will be used to identify an unknown insert piece of DNA would be plating the transformation cells onto LA plates that have either ampicillin or chloramphenicol and PCR. We will use the PCR thermocycler to denature the restriction enzymes that were specifically used to assimilate the vector DNA. It is important to use the PCR thermocycler because denaturation of the restriction enzyme will prevent the restriction enzyme from cutting the vector DNA, after the insert DNA has assimilated to the vector DNA. After the addition of specific primers that complement the base pair to its corresponding target strand, PCR will be used. Subsequently, Taq polymerase will be used to determine whether the insert DNA has been properly assimilated to the vector DNA. Within this specific situation, the target strand will be the insert DNA. After we let the PCR thermocycler run for approximately 2 ½ hours, we will then put our PCR products in the gel and run the gel to completion. After the gel has run to completion, we will then take a photograph of the gel using the UV transilluminator with the assistance of our TA. If the insert DNA was properly assimilated to the vector DNA, then our corresponding gel photo would have one band. After the cells have been transformed, we would g...
States. The FBI performs testing for free to all police agencies to help keep costs down
DNA fingerprinting, or sometimes known as DNA typing, is isolating and developing images of sequences of DNA to evaluate the DNA in an individual’s cells. DNA fingerprinting today is used for many different things in many different areas of science. In forensic science, DNA typing can determine which person did which crime by using blood or skin left at a crime scene. In medical science, patients can find out who their siblings, parents, or children are by using DNA fingerprinting (webmd).
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an acclaimed extraordinary discovery that has contributed great benefits in several fields throughout the world. DNA evidence is accounted for in the majority of cases presented in the criminal justice system. It is known as our very own unique genetic fingerprint; “a chromosome molecule which carries genetic coding unique to each person with the only exception of identical twins (that is why it is also called 'DNA fingerprinting ')” (Duhaime, n.d.). DNA is found in the nuclei of cells of nearly all living things.
Agarose gel electrophoresis separates molecules by to their size, shape, and charge. Biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins, are some examples. Buffered samples such as glycerol and glucose are loaded into a gel. An electrical current is placed across the gel. The current moves the molecules towards the cathode or anode. The speed of the moving molecules depends on the size, shape, and charge. The properties of the gel will definitely affect the movement. Small molecules are expected to move easily and faster thru the pores.
Gel electrophoresis is used in a variety of settings, particularly in molecular biology. Besides being used to separate nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, gel electrophoresis is also employed to divide proteins (Gel Electrophoresis). According to research, electrophoresis is applied for the following reasons, "To get a DNA fingerprint for forensic pur...
This shape looks much like a twisted ladder and gives the DNA the power to pass along biological instructions with great precision. The scientific and medical progress of DNA has been immense, from involving the identification of our genes that trigger major diseases or the creation and manufacture of drugs to treat these diseases. DNA has many significant uses in society, health and culture today. One important area of DNA research is that used for genetic and medical research. Our ability to now diagnose a disease in its earlier stages has been greatly improved....