Biodiversity is the variation among living organisms in different ecosystems, and is the result of 3.5 million years of evolution. Evolutionary diversification, offset by extinction events, is responsible for the continuous increase in biodiversity over the course of Earth 's history, from unicellular organisms to the creation of millions of multicellular organisms. Evolutionary diversification leads to the process of speciation, creating large variation between species in terms of evolutionary age, and over geographical space and time (Santamaria & Mendez., 2012). In the past, there was vast biological diversity, but with the human population on Earth increasing, species are disappearing at a rate 100 - 10,000 times higher than previously …show more content…
Patterns of biodiversity are often a result of environmental parameters influencing the selection of traits suitable to a particular habitat. An observable pattern of biodiversity is found across different latitudes of the globe, where there is a clear distinction between the density of species in low latitudes near the equator, and higher latitude temperate areas. The latitudinal biodiversity gradient describes this pattern, observing that species density is much higher in the tropics than in temperate areas (Dowle et al., 2013). Many hypothesize that in the past, differential rates of extinction or speciation created these gradients of biodiversity across geographic areas. High extinction rates have previously come from unusual temperature extremes, for example in the Pleistocene extinction, where it is hypothesized that higher latitudes felt these climate changes more severely, and therefore resulted in higher rates of extinction (Dowle et al., 2013). While disturbances and extinction events such as this destroy many species, they also create variant niches that allow …show more content…
Rapid evolutionary changes arise from selection caused by human actions, rather than natural selection, and affect the dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems (Santamaria & Mendez, 2012). Anthropogenic disturbances such as harvest, and habitat loss and fragmentation create evolutionary consequences that are difficult to reverse. The harvesting of fish, for example, selects for large, adult members of the population, causing changes in the fish population to favour earlier reproduction, and as a result affects nutrient cycling in their aquatic environment and food web interactions (Santamaria & Mendez, 2012). This anthropogenic selection decreases the adaptive potential of the population or species by reducing the gene pool and genetic variation. Habitat loss and fragmentation is also a major driver of biodiversity loss by decreasing population size and isolating populations. Genetic exchange between groups of individuals requires that their breeding ranges overlap. Human alterations to the physical landscape changes species ' distributions and can therefore affect gene flow by reducing the degree of contact between groups and creating reproductive barriers that decrease both fitness and genetic integrity of populations and species (Crispo et al., 2011). Small, isolated populations
Fragmentation is the product of increased human population, and the expansion of the grasslands (due to human activity). Fragmented Population caused from human interference has led to a lack of gene flow within species. Although this problem poses a legitimate threat, no real action has been taken to prevent fragmentation from continuing. Human activities such as “the expansion of farmland, human occupation, the lack of accessible habitat, and the sparsity of suitable/favorable habitat” (Thalmann et al., 2011) are facilitating this critical issue. Lacking gene diversity is caused from extreme isolation, small numbers, and lack of gene flow (Thalmann et al., 2011).
The eradication of species numbers average at a toll close to one hundred percent of earths total living creatures. “It is the Earth's most severe known extinction event, with up to 96% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species becoming extinct” (Sahney, and Benton 759). Not only where marine and terrestrial species effected but this catastrophic event is the only recogni...
Biodiversity is influenced by landscape fragmentation at various scales of space and time. The extinction of ecosystem types and component species may cause an increased patchiness of the landscape, resulting in lower population sizes and decreased connectivity. As a result, inhabitants may experience decreased dispersal abilities and lowered gene flows between populations.
America’s workforce is continuously changing. Businesses today hire and retain culturally diverse employees to compete in the globalize market. Companies are developing ways to tap into and capitalize upon the talents of their workforces. They are discovering how to value the diversity of their workforces and the potential that diversity brings in flexibility, ingenuity and problem solving are helping them achieve their goals.
Through millions of years of evolution, well-balanced habitats have co-evolved to provide for the wide variety of species and their needs. Trees have adapted to weeds, weeds have adapted to the predation from herbivores, and so on up the food chain. Similar scenarios are seen throughout the world. Through the process of natural selection, specific species or broad species families will go extinct. However, these occurrences have largely been due to the natural flow and evolution of time. It wasn’t until recently that dominant species, such as humans, have taken the course of nature into their own hands.
Dental professionals have a commitment to respect diversity and create equity of access to dental care for everyone (GDC, 2014). Diversity describes any dimension that can be used to differentiate an individual from others. It requires understanding that each individual is unique and accepting and respecting these individual differences (QCC,2013). These differences could be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, gender, age, socio-economic status or other ideologies (QCC, 2013). Understanding the impact that these differences may pose is vital in dealing professionally with people from diverse backgrounds and delivering equal treatment for all. Equality refers to identical treatment in dealings quantitates and values (Braveman, and Gruskin, 2003). Thus, creating equality for all might not mean that there are no disparities between different groups. Equity on the other hand refers to fairness and the equality of outcomes and involves recognizing aspects of a system that may disadvantage a certain group and correcting them (Braveman, and Gruskin, 2003). Therefore, in order to overcome potential pitfalls that may create inequity to access, there is a need to explore the different factors encountered in our diverse society that may create these issues. As an example, patients from different ethnic backgrounds may be faced with barriers accounting for the less frequent use of dental care (CQC. 2010). This group will be used as an example and some of the issues behind this inequity of access will be looked at further.
Natural habitats used by man or tampered with tend to become unsatisfactory or unsuitable for the native wild species. As I learned in class, habitat loss is the number one threat to modern primates. Not only do primates suffer, but habitat loss is the greatest threat to various parts of life on this planet that humans have caused. Simply speaking, along with habitat destruction, ties in the extinction of diverse species. “Biodiversity as a whole forms a shield protecting each of the species that together compose it, ourselves included. What will happen if, addition to the species already extinguished by human activity, say, 10 percent of those remaining are taken away? Or 50 percent? Or 90 percent? As more and more species vanish or drop to
Long-term survival of a species depends on its ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions (Murphy, 1994). Genetic diversity within a species, which has taken 3.5 billion years to evolve, makes adaptations to these changing environments possible. Unfortunately, the rate of extinction of genetically diverse organisms is rapidly increasing, thus reducing this needed biodiversity, largely due to the human impacts of development and expansion. What was an average of one extinction per year before is now one extinction per hour and extinct species numbers are expected to reach approximately one million by the year 2000 (WWW site, Bio 65). As a result governmental and societal action must be taken immediately!
In The Diversity of Life, Edward O. Wilson reflects on how the living world became diverse and how humans are destroying that diversity. In the book’s preface, Wilson defines biodiversity as “the totality of inherited variation in all organisms in a selected area” (Wilson ix). He adds that modern technology will allow for us to find many new species that were previously unknown to be in existence.
Diversity is a notion, when applied to the majority of circumstances, can create a positive conclusion. The trick to producing a positive outcome is often how the different aspects are brought together. Consider a classic dinner combination peas and carrots, the two colors look appealing and the two flavors comes together as one making a superb side dish. Now consider oil and water, these two substance are not often considered a good combination. Although, this is not always the case; olive oil and vinegar (which is water based) when mixed, come together into a delectable salad dressing. Diversity and inclusion should also apply to humans by bringing people together who are different it can creates a whole that is enhanced by the uniqueness of each individual.
The United Nations designated 2011-2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. In biodiversity, each species, no matter how big or small has an important role to play in ecosystem. Various plant and animal species depend on each other what each offers and these diverse species ensures natural sustainability for all life forms. A healthy and solid biodiversity can recover itself from variety of disasters. It is estimated that the current species extinction rate is between 1,000 and 10,000
Extinction, although not as pleasant a concept as the idea of adapting to ones surroundings, plays just as large a role in natural selection as anything else. As one adaptation of a species proves beneficial, and as that variation begins to propagate, the original, less advantageous variant will die off. It is the unchanged species that are in immediate conflict with the species undergoing the natural adaptation that stand to suffer...
== = = Human beings are dependent on the Earth's diversity of species for our survival. Wild species play a vital role in the maintenance of the planets ecological functions, yet everyday on the planet 40-100 species become extinct.
Diversity is a value that shows respect for the differences and similarities of age, sex, culture, ethnicity, beliefs and much more. Having a diverse organization, helps notice the value in other people and also how to teach respect to people that might not know how. The world is filled with different cultures and people that might believe in different things as you, but that doesn’t mean you need to treat them any different. It is imperative for people to grasp diversity because it’ll help people how to engage with others in a respectful yet a hospitable way.
Nowadays it is common to read articles in newspapers and magazines regarding biodiversity issues. Human beings have been knowingly and unknowingly destroying biodiversity since their existence. Biodiversity is the measure of the variety of species of animals living in an area. Forests are usually areas with high biodiversity while deserts are the opposite. Human beings have always destroyed biodiversity either by deforestation, or by some other means. Biodiversity depletion is a natural phenomenon. But the present levels of biodiversity depletion are many times higher than the natural rate. Recently the levels of loss in biodiversity have started causing global concern. Some of the main causes for loss in biodiversity are alteration of habitats, increasing levels of pollution and human population growth.