Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon. It is marked as the deficiency in well-being. It is a state of being unable to acquire basis necessities for the survival. Poverty means inability to have food, shelter, clothing, education, clean environment, poor access to clean and hygienic water and lack of opportunities for betterment of one’s life. [Arif, et al. (2012)].
One of the major reasons behind poverty is unemployment. Unemployment leads to financial crisis and decreases the overall purchasing power of a nation. This in turn results in poverty. Population, inflation, lack of education and inequality in income distribution are also reasons behind poverty [Human development index (HDI)].In Pakistan unemployment rate is 5.6 percent which is mainly due to lack of opportunities and political instability and unemployment is a major huddle in way of development in Pakistan [Imran Shrif, (2003)].
Inflation stats the increase in general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. Inflation is one of the main indicators of the economy. It provides significant understanding on the economic state of a country and comprehensive macroeconomic policies to control it. Stable prices not only give a developed environment for the economic growth but also promote the poor who are the most easily reachable in society. In Pakistan inflation has become a crucial problem and a main obstacle in the way of progress. Inflation is a fundamental variable that has a significant impact on poverty [Krishna (2011)].
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter is about the historical background related to poverty. In this chapter previous work done by different national and int...
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...(ARDL).
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND CONCLUSION
To see the determinants of poverty in Pakistan the data of variables is check by using different econometric techniques by utilizing the software E-views 7. The results will discuss and interpret in this chapter in detail.
5.1 Unit Root Test
For the stationary of the data time, data plays a dynamic role preceding the performance of econometric analysis. If the variables are non-stationary, then it may results in spurious regression.
5.2 Spurious Regression
In spurious regression the value of t stats or the significance of parameters is high but there is no strong economic interpretation between the dependent and independent variable. Variables are non-stationary and extreme low values of Durbin Watson with high R^2 values.
5.3 Stationary of variables:
To check the stationary of variables we use Unit Root Test.
Although poverty has minimized, it is still significant poverty which is characterized by a numerous amount of things. There are two types of poverty case and insular. “Case poverty is the farm family with the junk-filled yard and the dirty children playing in the bare dirt” (Galbraith 236)Case poverty is not irretraceable and usually caused if someone in the household experiences “ mental deficiency, bad health, inability to adapt to the discipline of industrial life, uncontrollable procreation, alcohol, some educational handicap unrelated to community shortcomings” (Galbraith 236).Case poverty is often blamed on the people for their shortcomings but on some levels can be to pinpoint one person's shortcomings that caused this poverty. Most modern poverty is insular and is caused by things people in this community cannot control. “The most important characteristic of insular poverty is forces, common to all members of the community, that restrain or prevent participation in economic life and increase rates of return.
In general, poverty is a widely spread all over the world but there are areas where due to certain factors, it is more common than in others. There are a lot of factors that can cause poverty one of the example is, natural disasters. There are many types of natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes, etc. Over ninety percent of deaths rate are caused by natural disasters take place in poor countries because in poor countries they do not have abilities to prevent the disaster and the houses are made of lower quantity. Compare to the richer countries, poor courtiers are more difficulty to recover because they are already poor and the natural disasters may only make it worse. After the natural disasters, the environment of counties will likely to be polluted wherefore it is more susceptible to disease because less clean water to be use and fewer doctors and health care. In addition, government will need rebuild the houses and infrastructures that have been damaged. (slideshare.net, 2009) Another example is, high divorce rate may increases the poverty especially for
Poverty is usually referrer as the condition of having little or no money, but in some circumstances it can also be described as lack the means of support. According to Global Issues in the Causes of Poverty, over three billions of people live on the wages less than 2.5 dollars per day and 1 billion children, which is equivalent to one in every two children in the world, live under the condition of lacking shelter, safe water, or health services. There is also a huge misconception about the abundant food around the world. However according to the United Nations, there are still about 20,000 people die everyday by hungry or poverty related causes. Even though extreme poverty is not very common in the United States, it is a huge problem for many
Poverty is a global epidemic that contributes to the deaths of millions each year. However, poverty is more prominent in some areas around the world than others. The Oxford dictionary defines poverty as the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support, but it’s so much more. Poverty can be defined as being hungry, lacking shelter, being unable to go to school, being unable to see a doctor, or being powerless and having a lack of freedom. The reason behind the many descriptions of poverty is that poverty has many faces, and its definition changes depending on the place and time, however the effects of poverty on the poor are always the same.
Poverty is general scarcity or dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted concept, which includes social, economic, and political elements. Poverty seems to be chronic or temporary, and most of the time it is closely related to inequality. As a dynamic concept, poverty is changing and adapting according to consumption patterns, social dynamics and technological change. Absolute poverty or destitution refers to the deprivation of basic human needs, which commonly includes food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter and health care.
Economically poverty is the condition of not having enough funds to provide water, shelter, clothing and nutrients for them and the household. Socially, poverty is viewed as a disadvantage in the social belonging, such as capabilities, educational and cultural aspects. Here is an exception from Narayan, D. & P. Petesch. 2002. Voices of the poor: from many lands. Oxford University Press for the World Bank. New York, this is one of the best description out there to describe poverty from one’s point of view. “Throughout the Voices of the Poor series people vividly describe multiple, interlocking sets of disadvantages that leave them powerless to get ahead. Experiences of ill-being including material lack and want (of food, housing and shelter, livelihood, assets and money); hunger, pain and discomfort; exhaustion and poverty of time; exclusion, rejection, isolation and loneliness; bad relations with others, including bad relations within the family; insecurity, vulnerability, worry, fear and low self-confidence; and powerlessness, helplessness, frustration and anger”
Poverty can be described as many things, it can be described as hunger, lack of shelter, not having access to school, not knowing how to read and much more. Despite the definitions, one thing we know for sure is that poverty is a complex societal issue. Poverty is a large cause of social tensions and threatens to separated a nation because of the issue of inequalities, more specifically, income inequality. Poverty is a main impact of globalization, it can affect a whole nation by furthering inequalities. Overall, has affected all of developing countries and has a crucial impact on developed countries.
Poverty is “the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions” (Merriam-Webster dictionary, 2015); in other words, struggling to provide a comfortable living style. It is the cause of family stress and many other problems, especially for the children. Millions of people around the world are struggling with poverty; families suffering to provide enough food seem to be growing in numbers. According to the United States Census Bureau, the poverty rate was highest in the 1960s and decreased greatly in the 1970s. However, it is now slowly starting to increase again. Recently released census data by the Bureau showed that one in five people are living in poverty (Census Bureau, 2014). Poverty is even
One of the contemporary challenges facing policy makers is the incidence and spatial concentration of poverty. The multiple dimensions of poverty includes: levels of employment, education, incidence of poor health, poverty levels, and macroeconomic conditions. In this report we will examine two of them: employment rate and education to find out if countries can reduce poverty level by increasing employment rate and increasing number of people who finish at least upper secondary education. Moreover, we will find out what is more important to increase employment rate or increase number of people who finish secondary education to decrease poverty level in the countries. To find out all these things we will summarise the information, using descriptive statistics, test relationship between the variables using correlation and regression which will answer our questions.
The question is, what is poverty? Poverty is about not having enough money to meet basic needs of life, including food, clothing, and shelter. Nevertheless I believe that poverty is much more that not having enough money. The World Bank Organization describes poverty as, “Poverty is hunger. Poverty is the lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not being able to see a doctor. Poverty
As one of the biggest problems facing the world today, poverty continues to have significant negative implications for the society. The effects of poverty are extremely severe and far-reaching, so much so that it was one of the top Millennium Development Goals agreed upon at the Millennium Summit of the UN back in 2000 (Hatcher, 2016). To understand the effects that poverty has on the society, one must critically analyze the societies in which poverty is rampant, as well as analyze poverty from the relative perspectives that it presents. The core aim of this paper is to develop a holistic understanding of poverty and elaborate on the diverse ways in which it continues to affect societies across the world.
There are two ways to categorize poverty from a sociologist viewpoint. Absolute poverty simply refers to the condition in which one is unable to afford the necessities of life, whereas relative poverty refers to the condition in which one is unable to afford that which is considered a normal standard of living in society. Absolute poverty is far more worse than relative poverty because they could quite possible not have a house or food to live on for everyday survival. There are basically five different categories in which each poverty stricken person can be placed in. The first category are those who are not able to work because they are too old, too young, disabled, or tied down by social responsibility. The second category are those who are able and qualified to work but can not find work. The third category are those who are not equipped to fill available jobs either because they are undereducated or because their skills have become outdated. The fourth category are those whose social and personal problems have brought them to a point of self-defeating discouragement. The last category are those who are underpaid, or unable to get a fair price for what they have to sell. After defining which people are in poverty, these categories can answer my question of why are they in poverty and how they can be helped.
Social issues are problems in the society today that are described as wrong, widespread and changeable. A category of conditions that people believe need to be changed. Poverty is a serious social issue in the society today. According to Peilin (2012), poverty brings hardships to families and individuals as well as political thereby negatively affecting the social stability and social development and posing a severe threat to human security (p. 243). This paper focuses on poverty as a social issue in today’s society. First, it gives a succinct introduction of the social issue, and then describes how it fits into the field of sociology. It also evaluates the sociological theories and terminology that relate to the social issue. The section that follows evaluates what is known and unknown about the particular social issue. This is followed by a discussion regarding the value of sociological research into the issue determining the available or possible practical implications of the sociological inquiry. The information presented here is strongly supported by the concepts and theories derived from reliable sources.
Poverty an also be described as having a lack of income and/or goods to satisfy necessities-food, shelter, clothing, and acceptable levels of health and education.
"Causes and Effects of Poverty." Cliffs Notes. Cliffs Notes, n.d. Web. 27 Nov 2013. .