Most thermoplastics and thermosets are flammable, ignitable and burning easily when heated to a high enough temperature. Plastic is a hydrocarbons that burns through a process that pyrolized long-chain structure into volatile hydrocarbons, hydrogen and hydroxyl-free radicals. The decomposition that formed from these elements are high in energy and such as being plastic, it has been reacted with oxygen, produce fire and released heat, enough to spread fire.
In order to increase the resistance to ignition, the flame retardants are added into the polymers such as polyolefins, polycarbonate, polyamides, polyesters and etc. It helps to reduce the spreading of fire, reduce the formation of soot and prevent the liquidized polymer from dripping. The main purpose of fire retardant composites is to postpone the oxidization and combustion of materials, in order to buy more time for people to escape from the damaged area.
Flame retardants plastics can be found in house, office buildings, cars and public vehicles, furnishings, household appliances and other applications. In other words, the uses of flame retardants has been regulated in housing codes or specific industry standards such as landscaping fabrics, ceiling insulation, roofing and siding ,carpet backing,
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Flame retardants acted when one or more of these elements have dispersed physically or chemically. The physical effects of these interference could be the coolant of substrate under its combustion temperature, the formation of solid or gaseous protective layer that prevent the presence of oxygen, inclusion of inert gases that modify the fuel in its gaseous phase. The interruption is done by chemical process of reactions of elements in the gaseous phase or the polymer is coated by a carbonaceous surface layer. The most commercially viable flame retardants include brominated and chlorinated types, phosphorus based types, and metallic
Combustion is a rapid, continuous reaction that usually takes place in the gas phase. Wood is an organic compound primarily comprised of cellulose. For wood, the phase change from a solid to gas is almost instantaneous as combustion occurs (Coleman, et al. 95). Ignition occurs when an outside source is no longer needed to sustain combustion (Coleman, et al. 87).
The smoke also lasted approximately seven minutes. The water extinguished all of the fires in less than fifteen seconds. The water and Bottle A, with the vinegar, were both the most successful in extinguishing the fires. However, Bottle A did not produce as much smoke as the water did which means that it is safer to use because it prevents smoke from being inhaled. The success of each substance used along with the amount of smoke it produces contributes to the overall efficiency of the product. When making each of our individual experiments we also noticed that Bottle B and Bottle C both were not only liquid substances as they included table salt and bicarbonate of soda. The solid state of the two materials changed the texture of the product making it a lot thinker as the solids did not dissolve into the liquids. With this, we concluded that Bottle A, which was only liquid substances was more effective due to the thinner texture of the product before it was poured into the bottle. From this experiment we then concluded that a thinner texture would be better and more effective than a thicker texture as it is easier to compress using the
Arson has been occurring for many years and about 500,000 fires are set intentionally each year. Arson is defined as any willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn, the property of another or cause physical harm to another. Fire data has been collected since 1977 by the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) and the amount of fires has been declining ever since. In the past few decades, there has come about a number of serial arsonists- an offender who sets three or more fires with a cooling-off period between the fires (Douglas, et al, 1992). There are numerous serial arsonists who have been caught, some of which include, Peter Dinsdale, Robert Lee Oyler, Thomas Sweatt, and Paul Keller. While the number of fires across the country have
Burn injuries may originate in many different environments and by several different causes. The most common type of burn is a thermal or heat exposure burn. The magnitude of the burn has to do directly with the amount of time that the skin was in contact with the heat and the temperature of the heat. Usually thermal burns are cause by flames, hot liquid, steam or a hot object, depending on the severity of the burn, treatments may vary. Burns may also be caused by frostbite, chemical bur...
National Center for Manufacturing Sciences. (2004, August 11). Environmental Roadmapping Initiative. Retrieved October 14, 2011, from Plastics Impacts, Risks and Regulations: http://ecm.ncms.org/ERI/new/IRRPlastics.htm
Investigating Factors Affecting the Heat of Combustion of Alcohols PLANNING SECTION Introduction ------------ Alcohols are organic substances, and consist of Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon. All alcohols are toxic but the amount that can be tolerated by the human body varies for different alcohols. For example drinking small amounts of Methanol can lead to blindness and even death.
The first thing in a firework is the oxidizing agent. These produce the Oxygen to burn the mixture. Oxidizers are usually nitrates, chlorates or perchlorates. The common oxidizers are nitrates. These are made up of a metal ion and the nitrate ion. I'll use potassium nitrate as an example. Nitrates only give up 1/3 of their oxygen. The resulting equation would look something like this:
Flame retardants that contain phosphorus produce phosphoric acid when exposed to the heat of the flame. Phosphoric acid reacts with the burning material to create a thick glassy layer of carbon that protects the rest of the material from thermal degradation, slows the fire down and eventually stops it.
Over the course of the past 60 years, an increasing amount of the current population is using plastic and reusable products to try and reduce the amount of waste that is being thrown away. Bisphenol A (BPA) is used to manufacture polycarbonate #7 plastic which have help strengthen plastic bottles, food containers and epoxy resins (University of Minnesota, 2008). BPA is used in a range of products from every day plastic beverage containers and plastic dinnerware, to compact disks, impact-resistant safety equipment, automobile parts, and toys (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The CDC (2013) also states that BPA epoxy resins are used in the protective linings of food cans, in dental sealants, and in other products (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013).
Other examples of polymers are present in our everyday lives. Water-resistant paints and varnishes derive from a family of synthetic polymers called acrylics. Polystyrene foam, or styrafoam, is used when making cartons to protect eggs, or making packing peanuts to cushion fragile objects for shipping. It insulates, so people put drinks in foam cups and coolers to keep the warm ones warm and the cold ones cold.
Synthetic plastics are used widely in food packaging, detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals’ packaging. Almost 30% of the synthetic plastics are used for packaging applications in the world and this rate is expanding at 12% per annum. They have replaced traditionally used papers and cellulose products for packaging purposes because of owing better physical and chemical properties. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate) and nylon are most commonly used plastics. Plastics possess not only suitable thermal and mechanical properties but also better stability and durability. Plastics have attractive more public and media attention because of its durability and visibility in a litter as compared to other solid components. In 1993, total world consumption of this material was 107 million tons and it reached to 146 million tons in
... should be used to reduce the risk of injury to people and the environment. Gasoline should be stored in an approved container and lids should be secured on paint cans and stored in an appropriate storage container. All containers with chemicals should be properly labeled and identified in case of emergency. All chemicals should be disposed of properly and taken to the appropriate recycle or disposal facility.
To begin with, the first type of hazard/exposure is fire and explosion. Fire is highly flammable and the vapor is heavier than normal air. It can travel for a considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back. Fire can be of 3 types: small, large and fire involving tanks or cars or trailer loads. An acute hazard can be the vapor/air mixtures that cause explosions. One way of preventing is to not open flames and sparks as well as no smoking. It is also preferable to take off reactions in clo...
made from oil and natural gas. Using plastics to replace packaging materials such as metal
These fragments absorb all the toxins that pollute waterways, contaminate soil, and sicken animals (which are then consumed). Plastic trash also absorbs organic pollutants such as BPA. They take centuries to decompose while sitting in landfills, amounting to billions of environmentally poisonous time bombs. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound used to create polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. Polycarbonate plastics are found in a wide range of products, but food and drink containers are the most concerning.