Bone Fracture and Dislocation
Fracture
When a bone breaks or even cracks, this is called a fracture. Fracture can affect any bone of the skeletal system. There are different ways in which fracture can be termed. When the bone breaks but there is no damage to the surrounding tissues or a tear in the skin, this is a closed fracture [9]. When the bone tears through the skin surrounding it or wound is visible, this is an open fracture or compound fracture [7]. A compound fracture is generally more serious than a simple fracture because they are deemed infected [7].
Types of Fractures
There is a range fracture types including segmental fractures. This is when the bone breaks in two or more places on the same bone [8]. A comminuted bone fracture is when the bone is shatter into pieces [8]. When a muscle ligament pulls on the bone, this is known as an avulsion fracture [7]. A compression fracture is when the bone collapses form it being unable to withstand the pressure being applied to it. When the bone partly fractures on one side, but does not have a clean break, this is a greenstick fracture. This type of break is more common in children due to the elasticity of their bones. A hairline fracture is when there is a partial fracture in the bone. This particular fracture is difficult to detect within X-rays [7]. When the bone is fractures and one
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The means of healings aims to make sure the fracture bone has the best possible function after healing [7]. For the process if natural healing to begin, the bone needs to be lined up at the ends [7]. This is in order to reduce the fracture. The patient will be asleep in anaesthetic when the fracture reduction process occurs. It can be done be pulling the bone fragments or surgery. Realigning the bone without surgery is closed reduction [11]. In some cases, devices such as pins, plates, screws, rods, or glue are used to hold the fracture in place
Most breaks happen before puberty.Some of the cases in regards to this careful sort present typical or close ordinary stature. Additionally some different cases may demonstrate different qualities, for example, free joints ,muscle weakness,sclera (whites of the eyes) for the most part have a blue, purple, or dark tint,triangular face.Tendency toward spinal ebb and flow might be the reason for the bone disfigurement missing or insignificant bended back shape, fragile teeth is likewise conceivable because of the shortcoming of all .
But after the early stage, your bones may become weak. These signs include: back pain, shortness of breath, shrinkage in height and bad, irregular posture. Many people don’t start showing signs until they have broken a bone, such as a wrist bone or a hip bone. There are two different types of Osteoporosis. There is Juvenile Osteoporosis (which is very rare), it occurs in children that is due to medication or medical conditions. Premenopausal Osteoporosis which happens to older women before menopause. There are three different ways to check for Osteoporosis. The first one is a painless bone density scan called a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Stang, 2016). The second one is a digital x-ray radiogrammetry (DXR), it is like the DXA but uses less technology. And the last one is ultrasounds. Ultrasound scans are also used to screen for osteoporosis but it is not able to get a good reading like the others, so this method isn’t used as often. If you break a bone the doctor will try these types of x-ray to see if it was caused by
What is meant by a “complete, comminuted, intertrochanteric fracture of the right hip”? A complete, means that the bone is broken completely through a communication means that the bone has been broken into many pieces and a intertrochanteric means that it involves the greater and lesser trochanter of the femur bone.
285) These types of injuries usually come from knives, axes, or other weapons like that. In some instances, a sharp trauma will look like a line across the bone. So, if someone is not trained in knowing what these marks are, they can be easily over looked. According to Byers (2011) “sharp trauma is the result of narrowly focused, dynamic compression forces applied to the surface of a bone.” (p. 285) Unlike blunt or projectile trauma, sharp force will be focused in a single area, unless the suspect us using an ax or machete there won’t be a large amount destruction to the bones. Using an ax or machete however can severely damage the bones that can look like blunt trauma. So, it is important for the forensic anthropologist to be able to distinguish between them.
To protect different sections of the body there are 5 types of bones that serve a specific function for the system. The first type is long bone. Long bones are hard bones that provide strength, structure and mobility. (Medicine Net) These bones are longer than they are wide and they are mainly located in the appendicular skeleton. They also consist of several sections which are Diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysic, and epiphyseal plates. The diaphysis is the long central shaft. Next, Epiphysis forms into the large ends of long bones while the area between the diaphysis and epiphysis is also known as metaphysis. Lastly, epiphyseal plates are plates of cartilage that allow growth to take place during childhood years. Cartilage cell production stops when the human body stops growing and the plates eventually become replaced by bone. Flat
Kyphoplasty- procedure where a balloon is inserted into the vertebrae and covered by cement, it elevates the fracture.
The number of children below the age of 19 are treated in American emergency rooms for concussions and other traumatic brain injuries increased from 150,000 in 2001 to 250,000 in 2009. That’s not cumulative, that is actually per year. Everyone should know how and when to treat a concussion, no matter if it is for sports or in general. Concussions can come from anything. Concussions can be an easily preventable injury, however due to poor equipment, a competitive mindset, unrecognizable symptoms, and untrained sports physicians, they are becoming quite common and can lead to potentially fatal brain disorders.
Type I of OI is the most common, comprising 70% of all cases. Bruising will occur very easily in this type. The bone fragility is considered mild to moderate, and osteoporosis will be present. In this case it is likely that multiple fractures will have occurred before the age of 5.
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) plays an important role in treating bone diseases related to osteoporosis and other orthopedic treatments. Although several methods are used in orthopedic surgery, some bone transport methods such as autografting and allografting have a certain number of disadvantages. Both are expensive methods and they can be exposed to infections and diseases. Therefore, in stead of using these potential risky methods, bone tissue engineering process are used to treat in orthopedic treatments. In general, both tissue engineering and bone tissue engineering have major constituents including stem cells, scaffold, bioreactors and growth factors.
Osteoporosis was first mentioned by Sir Astley Paston Cooper. Other common symptoms include gum disease, tooth decay, premature graying of hair, arthritis, low back pain, leg cramps, and nail growth. Fragility fracture occurs when a person falls from a standing position or a low height and breaks a bone that would not break in a person with a healthy bone. Heritability of bone mass estimated to account for 60-90% of its variance (Kaczkowsi, 2013).
Complete means when a fracture is completely though the bone. A communited fracture is when the broken bone has shattered into numerous smaller pieces. Intertrochanteric is when a fracture is located between the greater trochanter and lesser trochanter of the femur.
Fibular fractures may be complete or incomplete fractures. Fibula fractures may occur anywhere along the bone. The fracture we are trying to fixate is a complete fracture. Fractures occur when a force is placed on the bone that is greater than it can withstand, and when a fracture does occur in the fibula, it’s usually at the same time as the tibia. When only the fibula fractures, it is usually because of a direct blow to the side of the leg or an extreme sideways bend at the ankle or knee. Some other common causes of fibular fracture include, direct hit from doing contact sports such as hockey or lacrosse, stress fracture; weakening of the bone from repeated stress, or indirect injury, caused by twisting, turning quickly, or violent muscle contraction. Tripping, falling or impact during an accident are also major causes of fibular
An ankle fracture is a break in one or more of the three bones that make up the ankle joint. The ankle joint is made up by the lower (distal) sections of your lower leg bones (tibia and fibula) along with a bone in your foot (talus). Depending on how bad the break is and if more than one ankle joint bone is broken, a cast or splint is used to protect and keep your injured bone from moving while it heals. Sometimes, surgery is required to help the fracture heal properly.
Hemothorax. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2047916-overview#aw2aab6b2b4 Norvell, J. G. (2013, June 11). Tibia and Fibula Fracture Clinical Presentation. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/826304-clinical Queensland Government.
Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones become so weak and brittle that even a cough can cause enough stress on the bone that it will cause the bone to facture. The most commonly broken bones are the hip, wrist, and the spine. Although it affects men and women of all races, post-menopausal Caucasian and Asian women are more commonly affected than those of other ethnicities and sexes. In fact, thirty percent of all post-menopausal women in the US and Europe will be diagnosed with Osteoporosis and at least 40 percent of those will suffer from a fracture in their lifetime.