The question of how students learn best has fueled a controversial debate within the field of educational psychology and instructional design. There is limited consensus as to which type of instructional technique best supports conceptual learning. Instructional techniques cover a wide spectrum of guidance that ranges from direct instruction, which often encompasses the use of lectures and worked examples, to pure discovery learning which includes little to no teacher guidance at its most extreme interpretation. Research on cognitive load theory and motivational strategies have both touted the benefits and criticized elements of both these instructional techniques (Hiebert, Carpenter, Fennema, Fuson, Human, & Murray, 1996; Kirschner, Sweller, & Clark, 2006; Kuhn, 2007; Sweller, 1988), creating a muddled path for researchers and educators to manage for themselves. In following the scientific and practical contributions of Pasteur (cite?), both field researchers and classroom educators would benefit from empirically supported and well-reasoned arguments on how instructional techniques can be used to maximize learning through motivation. The combination of both a psychological and educational understanding of how instruction influences learning would result in a less fragmented, more comprehensive focus for future research and current classroom application. Research comparing instructional methods often pits one technique against the other in hopes of determining a clear winner, however, such arguments do little to advance the field to a deeper understanding of how such techniques work separately to achieve similar goals. Often, contrasting perspectives of instruction have much to offer and the goal is to use the strengths of both ... ... middle of paper ... ...Psychology, 95(4), 667-686. Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. (2002). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Posner, G., Strike, K., Hewson, P., & Gertzog, W. (1982). Accommodation of a scientific conception: Toward a theory of conceptual change. Science Educational, 66, 211-227. Schmidt, H. G., Loyens, S. M. M., van Gog, T., & Pass, F. (2007). Problem-based learning is compatible with human cognitive architecture: Commentary on Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006). Educational Psychologist, 42(2), 91-97. Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12, 257-285. Sternberg, R. J., Torff, B., & Grigerenko, E. L. (1998). Teaching triarchically improves school achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 374-384.
Seery, M. K., & Donnelly, R. (2012, July). The implementation of pre-lecture resources to reduce in-class cognitive load: A case study for higher education chemistry. British Journal of Educational Technology. Wiley-Blackwell. Retrieved from 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2011.01237.x
When students experience intrinsic motivation, they are more likely to experience deep learning that is retained. This is in contrast to student learning that is based on extrinsic motivation, such as receiving grades or other tangible rewards. Wlodkowski and Ginsberg (1995) note that external motivation is difficult to sustain. In order for students to make sense of what they are learning and achieve intrinsic motivation to learn, teachers need to focus on students’ background experiences, what they bring to the classroom, and importantly, their culture (Wlodkowski and Ginsberg, 1995). Fisher and Frey (2012) suggest a student’s background is important to consider when determining text complexity. Wlodkowski and Ginsberg (1995) offer an intrinsic motivational framework including four conditions: enabling inclusion (everyone should feel welcome in the lesson), developing attitude (offer choices and give students the power to decide what they will do), enhancing meaning (focus on meaning for individual students), and engendering competence (supporting the student based on their background and allowing students to assess their own work). Indeed, in the state of Pennsylvania, teachers are evaluated using the Danielson Framework for Teaching and to be rated as “distinguished” is to have a classroom in which the students are intrinsically
“Motivation is the process whereby goal-orientated activity is instigated and sustained” (Schunk, Pintrich & Meece, 2008. As cited in Eggen & Kauchak, 2010, p.284). Motivation comes in many forms and can be divided into two broad categories - extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivators are external factors which can motivate a student; rewards are an example of this. An issue with extrinsic motivators is that the desire for the learner to participate often lessens, once the rewards are withdrawn (McCullers, 1987). On the other hand intrinsic motivation comes from within - learning for the joy of it - where the desire to learn leads to a higher level of knowledge, and is a reward in itself. Kohn (1996, p.285) states that research suggests, “Rewards actually decrease interest in intrinsically motivating tasks, therefore sending the wrong message about learning” (as cited in Eggen & Kauchak, 2010a)
We need theorists and researchers to generate and refine learning-focused instructional design theories. Such theories will help educators and trainers to meet needs that focus on learning and that foster development of initiative, teamwork, thinking skills, and diversity. Instructional-design theory must involve stakeholders in the design process.
Lei, Simon A. "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Evaluating Benefits and Drawbacks from College Instructors' Perspectives." Journal of Instructional Psychology 37.2 (2010): 153-160. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 7 Mar. 2011.
When children are learning there education it is very important for the children to have all the motivation that they can handle as an individual child do to the way each child learns on a normal basis. Education comes in different formats so that each child would be able to learn on there own level.Motivation can be a pattern for some children because some children can learn better when they are being motivated. Children learning styles can take an effect on the way that they learn from what they are learning and how they learn it.The children learning comes from a variety of teaching activities that goes with there age and grade level. When children are learning they look for the teachers approval in having a positive reinforcement about learning and having open communication when learning on some many different level.Motivation in a education part is to keep the children updated with the different learning styles into how to complete a task knowing that they understand how to complete the different learning by motivation and letting them know how they are doing.WWW.Pearson Education.com Tammy L.Stephens
Their hypothesis posits that there should be a correlation between a person’s preferred learning style and their corresponding level of learning. They premised their research on the assumption that “sound” evidence requires robust documentation from properly designed experiments, including appropriate control and treatment groups and a statistically significant difference between these groups. In other words, they set out to confirm whether certain instructional methods proved more effective for students with one specific “learning style” over another. Their research indicated that both children and adults express preferences about how information is presented to them and that people differ in the extent to which they have a preference for different ways of thinking and processing information. However, in their research there was no evidence for any correlation between one preferred learning style over another, thus failing the conditions for their hypothesis. Furthermore, in their review of literature they found very little in the way of experimental studies on the topic of learning styles despite the enormous amount of research supporting the concept. Therefore, their conclusion was that there is not adequate evidence justifying learning style preference. Consequently, as an educational practitioner, I must now contend with the question of how to most effectively design learning under the assumption that the learner can learn from any of the present modalities (auditory, visual,
Stipek, D.J. (2002). Motivation to Learn: Integrating Theory and Practice.Pearson Education Inc. 2002. Ed, 100-102
Olson, M. H., & Hergenhahn, B.R. (2013). An Introduction to Theories of Learning (9th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.
Pintrich and DeGroot (1990) investigated the effect of motivation orientation and self-regulated learning on academic ability. One hundred and seventy three seventh grade students from a school in Michigan were recruited. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was used to measure use of learning strategies, intrinsic value and self-regulation. Additionally, previous classroom assignments indicated academic performance. A positive relationship between intrinsic motivation and self-regulated learning was recorded. Furthermore, academic performance was reported to be directly influenced by intrinsic motivation. Although Pintrich and DeGroot (1990) examined the link between motivational orientation and use of self-regulated learning strategies, the results may not be inferred to different populations. As the average age of participants was twelve years and six months, the findings cannot be generalised to college students due to the potential influence of age on the variables
Vosniadou S. (1996) TOWARDS A REVISED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY FOR NEW ADVANCES IN LEARNING AND INSTRUCTION. Learning and instruction,6( 2), 95-109.
Motivation is the most important factor that educators can target in order to improve learning. Numerous cross-disciplinary theories have been postulated to explain motivation. While each of these theories has some truth, no single theory seems to adequately explain all human motivation. “Superman and Me” by Sherman Alexie explains Alexie’s life as an Indian boy and how he first learned how to read, his intelligence compared to classmates, and his career. Author Mike Rose revisits his high school years in his essay, “I Just Wanna Be Average.” Rose explains how his teachers were indifferent about students and resorted to verbal abuse and physical discipline. Until a new english teacher arrives,
Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2013). An introduction to theories of learning. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Inquiry is an interactive way of learning. Students are actively engaged in their studies. Inquiry involves student-centered activities focusing on questioning, exploring, and posing explanations. The goal of inquiry is to introduce a new way of learning where students can learn about the world around them through active engagement in real-life examples. Inquiry based learning can be incorporated into all academic subjects throughout the curriculum. Science could possibly be the most effective subject to incorporate inquiry.
Motivation is really important tool in a learning environment. Also motivation effects student learning and their behavior as well. It directs behavior towards particular targets. Also it effect the decision which students takes. In motivation mainly we have two types which is intrinsically and extrinsically being motivated. For example: when a student is intrinsically motivated they just do it for themselves not because of the reward that they will get back. It’s just because they have their own interest and they enjoy doing that. On the other side, when a student is extrinsically motivated they just do it for the reward that they will get. That’s why in learning process it’s important that each student should