Diltiazem, a CCB drug, has been evidenced to be useful in hypertension, angina, and cardiovascular disease. Diltiazem has vasodilatory effects on arterial vessels and it increasesthe reflex in sympathetic response. Its overall effect in CVD is a drop in blood pressure and an increase in cardiac output, heart rate and contractility (Gura 2008). Other than CVD,diltiazem has also been suggested to be useful in general cognitive enhancement on the basis of its ability to improve learning and memory in adult animals (Quartermain et al. 2001). The concentrations (dose) employed in the study were chosenafter performing the pilot studies starting with very low dose and referring to the previous reports. A range of concentrations have been used in animals varying from as low as 5 mg/kg …show more content…
In this essay, the author
- Explains that diltiazem, a ccb drug, has been evidenced to be useful in hypertension, angina, and cardiovascular disease. it has vasodilatory effects on arterial vessels and increases reflex in sympathetic response.
- Concludes that diltiazem has a neuroprotective effect on icv-stz-induced behavioural and biochemical parameters in rats.
2006). Diltiazem thus, by blocking Ca2+ effects, avoids these adverse effects of calcium dysregulation. Furthermore, diltiazem also showed anti-inflammatory effects by stimulating production of anti-inflammatory mediators IL-10 and inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediator IL-6 (Dubey and Hesong 2006). Even though, numerous studies have suggested the neuroprotective potential of calcium channel blockers in disorders such as parkinsonism (Ritz et al. 2010), Alzheimer’s disease (Anekonda and Quinn 2011), focal cerebral ischemia (Takahara et al. 2004) and spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury (Fansa et al. 2009). However, till date, none of the reports suggest the memory restorative ability of diltiazem. This is the first report in itself that speculates the protective role of diltiazem in memory and learning, although this also necessitates in-depth evaluation of the exact mechanism of diltiazem in dementia. Thus, from the literature survey and data in hand, it may be concluded that diltiazem has a neuroprotective effect on ICV-STZ-induced behavioural and biochemical parameters in
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- MDMAexplanatory essayMDMA Introduction 1. Brief History A. Originally created in 1912 as MDA (methylenedioxyamphetamine) B. In 1970's interest in MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) for the Aid of Psychotherapy. -Key
In this essay, the author
- Explains that clinically, intended result was to affect the psychodynamic equilibrium (helped to bring repressed material into "the walking consciousness").
- Explains that mdma was believed to be toxic when used in bingefull patterns and not harmful in regulated doses because it never gave body a chance to recover.
- Explains that in the experiment, they chose 15 people who had done mdma recently and 15 who hadn't done it.
- Explains that mdma induced brain serotonin neurotoxicisity for persistent memory problems.
- Explains that chemical neurotransmitters produce their effects as a consequence of interactions with appropriate receptors. serotonin is synthesized in brain neurons and stored in vesicles.
- Explains that the brain produces a chemical called dopamine, which can cause psychotic illnesses.
- Explains that mdma does not cause mental problems, but helps to speed along the process of the brain's natural degeneration.
- Opines that mdma is an addictive drug, but there is definitely a craving to do the drug again due to the lower serotonin levels.
- Opines that since the fda has regulated the amount of testing allowed to do on mdma, there is still a lot to be learned.
- Explains that 40% of mdma pills sold as exctasy contain other drugs, such as mescaline, psilysoscybin, lsd, heroin, crank, and coke.
- Explains that mdma has psychoactive properties, but its molecular structure has been changed to avoid prosecution under the controlled substance act.
- Explains how mdma damages the serotoergic nerve tterminals, which are responsible for producing electronic charges in thick and metal fibers that carry electrical charges.
691 wordsRead More - MDMA aka Ecstasyexplanatory essayMDMA aka Ecstasy Adam, Ecstasy, XTC, hug, beans, love drug, X and E are all street names for the drug that is known as MDMA in the medical and scientific world. MDMA is most commonly referred to as Ecstasy and is a "synthetic, psychoactive drug with both stimulant (amphetamine-like) and hallucinogenic (LSD-like) properties". MDMA is also a neurotoxin, which in high doses can raise body temperature and cause muscle and kidney breakdown that eventually leads to failure of the cardiovascular system. This said, the drug is still one of the most popular on the market, and demand is rising. (1) MDMA is made up of a chemical structure consisting of 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that ecstasy, hug, beans, love drug, x and e are all street names for the drug that is known as mdma in the medical and scientific world.
- Explains that ecstasy should not be mixed with any other drug, especially not alcohol. alcohol strains the kidneys and heart, and can lead to anxiety and paranoia.
- Opines that no matter how much money the government is willing to use on drug prevention and education there will always be users, and many are still children.
- Explains that mdma destroys neurons that contain the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is an underlying cause in the lack of coordination, tremors, and paralysis that come with parkinson's disease.
1073 wordsRead More - Analysis Of Mild Cognitive Impairmentcomparative essayMild Cognitive Impairment has been described to be heterogeneous in terms of its clinical presentation and its etiology. This condition can be categorized into two classes, the amnestic MCI, and the nonamnestic MCI. The amnestic MCI is usually considered as a type of dementia that causes problems with behavior, thinking, and memory (Costa, Monaco, Zabberoni, Peppe, Perri, Fadda, ... Carlesimo, 2014). The normal functioning process of the brain usually involves tightly regulated communication between brain cells, through adequate provision of oxygen and other nutrients, which maintain the brain stability. The association of Alzheimer's disease and memory loss can be attributed to the development of plaques and tangles in the brain. These disruptions and death of nerve cells are the major causes of memory failure in patients with mild cognitive impairment (Li, Liu, Gong...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that mild cognitive impairment (mci) or mild memory loss is a neurological disorder that develops due to deterioration of the normal cognitive capability of an individual during the aging process.
- Explains that mild cognitive impairment is heterogeneous in its clinical presentation and etiology. the amnestic mci is a type of dementia that causes problems with behavior, thinking, and memory.
- Explains that although there is no data on etiology of mci, it comes with some signs and symptoms such as mild memory loss, trouble finding words, and organizing and planning activities.
- Explains that mci is easily identified by the patient or the immediate family. empirical studies are helpful when confirmations are needed. neuropsychological testing is used to identify cognitive impairments.
- Explains that there is no defined treatment for mci. medical practitioners advise individuals suffering from the condition on a case by case basis.
- Explains that despite differences in age, gender, geriatric depression scale as well as educational level, mci patients have difficulty completing iadl tasks.
- Compares the use of household appliances with neuropsychological tests influenced by educational or ethnic backgrounds, indicating an increased sensitivity towards the identification of mci using normal functions.
900 wordsRead More - Ecstasyexplanatory essayEcstasy is Methylene Dioxymethamphetamine, often abbreviated as MDMA. This drug is a member of the same family of drugs that include amphetamine and LSD. I once believed that ecstasy was a mixture of methamphetamine and LSD, but as I researched, I found out that it has its own chemical structure. Ecstasy is not a mixture of other drugs; it is something all its own.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that ecstasy is a member of the same family of drugs that include amphetamine and lsd.
- Explains that ecstasy makes people biased towards it without even doing research necessary to judge it. there are some 500,000 regular users of the drug in the united kingdom alone.
- Explains that before ecstasy was called mdma, it was known as mda. it was first made in germany in 1898, and was used as an appetite suppressant.
- Explains that alexander shulgin, a biochemist with dow chemicals, invented mdma, which was the closest to fulfilling his ambition.
- Explains that ecstasy replaced cocaine as the drug of choice, and everyone seemed to be using it. it was this public and unashamed use that resulted in its outlaw.
- Explains how the us drug enforcement agency (dea) tried to outlaw ecstasy, but failed due to an incident that had happened the year before.
- Explains that a non-profit organization called the multidisciplinary association for psychedelic studies opened a master file for mdma in 1986, complied with the prerequisite for the licensing of any new drug.
- Explains that ecstasy is still considered a class a drug and the maximum penalty is seven years in prison and an unlimited fine.
- Explains that amphetamines are stimulants that affect the central nervous system and stimulate endorphins to produce themselves at abnormal rates, which create a feeling of satisfaction.
- Explains that ecstasy is in the same family as both lsd and amphetamines because it acts simultaneously as a hallucinogen and stimulant.
- Compares ecstasy to amphetamines and lsd in that it produces a euphoric, comfortable, relaxed state of mind.
- Explains that ecstasy usually comes in pill form, and it takes effect twenty minutes to an hour after taking it. the high is pleasant and controllable.
- Compares ecstasy to the antidepressant prozac because it allows people to feel liberated and good about themselves.
- Explains that mdma causes seratonin to be released from particular brain cells, which affects a person’s mood, and body control. the number of deaths associated with ecstasy is due to the rise in body temperature.
- Explains that although ecstasy may be considered an illegal drug, so many people believe that it can have a positive affect on their life. not enough research has been done to disprove this.
- Cites the australian drug foundation's ecstasy website, and the partnership for a drug-free america.
1452 wordsRead More - Alzheimer's and acetylcholineexplanatory essayLack of acetylcholine is the main cause for loss of memory. In most people throughout the aging process, acetylcholine degenerates over time at a normal rate. In people affected by Alzheimer’s, acetylcholine degenerates at more than double the rate of people unaffected with this disease. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter in the brain that allows communication of information from one nerve cell to an...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that alzheimer's is a horrible disease that takes the lives of many. it starts with the loss of short-term memory and the degeneration of neurons in the cerebral cortex.
- Explains that lack of acetylcholine is the main cause for loss of memory. it is a major neurotransmitter in the brain that allows communication of information from one nerve cell to another.
- Explains how beta-amyloid proteins accumulate between nerve cells and cause neuronal cell death.
- Explains that neurofibrillary tangles are debilitating in alzheimer's because of hyperphosphorylation.
- Explains that there is no cure for alzheimer's but there are ways to increase the amount of acetylcholine in the brain before the levels diminish.
- Cites http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s1/chapter11.html#storage and ehow.com/about_6385188_happens-ach-may-cause-alzheimer_s_.html.
731 wordsRead More - dobutaminecomparative essaySummary: A man with dilated cardiomyopathy presented with decompensated heart failure and heart transplant evaluation had to be temporarily removed from the candidate list due to fever. No infectious source was identified and drug fever was suspected. Given prior clinical experience dobutamine was discontinued with his fever defervesced and eventually received an orthostatic heart transplantation without complication. Explanted heart showed isolated eosinophilic myocarditis.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that a man with dilated cardiomyopathy presented with decompensated heart failure and heart transplant evaluation had to be temporarily removed from the candidate list due to fever.
- Describes how a 66-year-old male with dilated cardiomyopathy was admitted to our medical center for heart transplant evaluation.
- Explains that dobutamine infusion has been associated with eosinophilic myocarditis in about 2-7% of heart transplantations.
- Recommends discontinuing dobutamine or switching to an alternative inotrope such as milrinone in febrile patients with no other evidence of infection.
- Cites chapman sa, stephan t, lake kd, sonnesyn sw, emery rw. fever induced by dobutamine infusion.
- Describes the clinical implications of hypersensitivity myocarditis in explanted hearts of transplant recipients.
- Cites spear gs, fishbein mc, luthringer dj, quartel aw, mirocha j, queral ca, blanche c, trento a.
696 wordsRead More - Adderallanalytical essayIf you asked around a high school or university campus, it would probably not be too hard to get your hands on the popular drug, Adderall. Adderall contains an amphetamine and dextroamphetamine combination that work in the central nervous system affecting the chemicals that contribute to impulse control and hyperactivity. The drug is commonly used to treat people with Attention Deficit Disorder in order to increase concentration and keep focus, as well as increasing the ability to pay attention and stop fidgeting. It is also often prescribed to narcoleptics to help them remain awake throughout the day [“Adderall Oral : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing – WebMD”].
In this essay, the author
- Explains that adderall is a combination of amphetamine and dextroamphetoamine that affects the chemicals that contribute to impulse control and hyperactivity. it is commonly used to treat people with attention deficit disorder.
- Explains that 7.4 percent of seniors in high school have abused adderall last year, while full-time college students are twice as likely to abuse the drug.
- Explains that the illicit use of adderall can have extreme negative consequences, such as heart palpitations, increased blood pressure, headaches, dryness of the mouth, and loss of appetite.
- Explains that addiction recovery varies from patient to patient. long-term users or those taking high doses usually experience longer periods of withdrawal, often lasting several weeks.
- Analyzes how adderall abuse increases among high school students.
594 wordsRead More - Ecstasyexplanatory essayToday in the year 2000 there are many definitons of the word ecstasy. Deriving from the middle english word, exstasie, it has gone from being a state of overwhelming emotion to one of the most popular drugs in the "club world"today. When I ask my parents what they think when they hear the word ecstasy they say,"You, your sister, and brother in Disney World. " Well times have definetely changed.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the drug is commonly used by people my age at clubs, concerts and all-night, underground dance parties called raves.
- Explains that when they hear the word ecstasy they say, "you, your sister, and brother in disney world.
- Explains how different people use the word ecstasy: eminem uses it in his song, and tony braxton in her song.
- Explains that serotonin affects many functions, increases heat rate, and blood pressure, but some people use it compulsively and appear psychologically dependent on it.
739 wordsRead More - Salvia Divinorumopinion essaySalvia Divinorum How To Smoke Salvia Divinorum by MSSAfter numerous attempts I finally came upon what I call the Secret of Smoked Salvia divinorum. I will not discuss the subjective effects except in a limited sense, but what I do wish to discuss is how one might better feel these effects. First find a comfortable position, preferably sitting down in a quiet environment.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the secret of smoked salvia divinorum and how one might better feel the effects.
- Recommends taking deep breaths, exhaling from the water pipe, and smoking until you no longer have the coordination to load. the initial peak lasts for three to five minutes while residual effects may carry on for ten.
- Explains that a lack of dialog is of primary importance, but instrumental music makes for an intriguing experience, especially if 4 speakers are properly placed around one's head.
- Explains that the motionless body allows the mind to slip deeper into the 3 dimensional nature of the vision.
- Explains that short-term memory is impaired after the main effects have worn off, and incoherent speech is important in attempting to interpret the experience.
- Opines that salvia's ability to cause laughter, sometimes even uncontrollably, is one of the more interesting factors they've found with it.
1100 wordsRead More - Zoloftexplanatory essayZoloft was first introduced to the United States in 1980’s. Another name for Zoloft is sertraline and is in a group of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. At first Zoloft was made to treat major depressive disorder, but as the drug progressed over time it can now treat panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Zoloft is the most commonly used antidepressant because it works extremely well, it is safe, and its side effects are not as serious as other antidepressants.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that zoloft is the most commonly used antidepressant because it works extremely well, is safe, and its side effects are not as serious.
- Explains that while zoloft is safe to take, there have been many instances where people using this drug have had fatal side effects.
- Explains that if a woman takes zoloft when pregnant the sertraline crosses the placental wall in the womb, the baby is vulnerable to the chemical.
- Explains that zoloft can be taken with other drugs and will not have synergistic effects.
- Explains that zoloft isn't an addictive drug if taken properly. however, people who take it become reliant on it because they fall back into depression.
- Explains that a treatment for zoloft addiction is that your doctor will prescribe smaller doses over and long period of time to get the user to become used to taking less.
522 wordsRead More