In recent years, as digital media are achievement wider popularity, their security related issues are suitable superior concern. Digital watermark was first discovering in 1992 by Andrew Tirkel and Charles Osborne. Watermark is derived from the german term “Wessmark. The first watermarks devolved in Italy during the 13th century, but their use apace spread across Europe. Watermarking can be measured as special techniques of steganography where one message is embedded in another and the two messages are related to each other. Digital watermarking is similar to watermarking technique which allows an individual to add exclusive rights notices or other verification messages to digital media. Image authentication’s one of the applications of digital watermarking, which is used for authenticating the digital images. A digital watermark is a kind of marker covertly embedded in a noise-tolerant image such as audio or image data. It is typically used to identify ownership of the copyright of such image. "Watermarking" is the process of hiding digital information in an image the hidden information should but does not need to contain a relation to the image. The security and enforcement of academic property rights for digital media has become an important issue [2].
The way to understand this feature is to embed a level of the authentication signature into the digital image using a digital watermark. In the case of the image being tampered, it can easily be detected as the pixel values of the embedded data would change and do not match with the original pixel values. There are many spatial and frequency domain techniques are available for authentication of watermarking. Watermarking techniques are judged on the basis of their performance on...
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...many bits received in error over the number of the total bits received.
BER=P/((H*W) )
Where,
H and W are height and width of the watermarked image.
P is the count number initialized to zero.
Conclusion
In this paper we have obtainable various aspects for digital watermarking like introduction, outline, techniques, and applications. Separately from it a brief and relative analysis of watermarking techniques is presented with their advantages and disadvantages which can help the new researchers in these areas. We also tried to classify the digital watermarking in all the known aspects like robustness, perceptivity, purpose, watermark type, domain, and detection process. In this paper we tried to give the whole information about the digital watermarking which will help the new researchers to get the maximum awareness in this domain.
References
Graffiti is often understood to mean “any form of unofficial, unsanctioned application of a medium onto a surface” (Lewisohn 2008). There are many terms that are associated with graffiti, including Graffiti Writing and Street Art.
The process of verifying a person’s identity, also called authentication, plays an important role in various areas of everyday life. Any situation with user interaction where the identity is required needs a means to verify the claimed identity. One of the more obvious and commonly known application areas for identity verifying technologies, i.e. authentication, is the Logical Access Control to computer systems, where authenticity is normally established by confirming aclaimed identity with a secret password or PIN code.Traditional methods of confirming the identity of an unknown person rely either upon some secret knowledge (such as a PIN or password) or upon an object the person possesses (such as a key or card). But testing for secret knowledge or the possession of special objects can only confirm the knowledge or presence, and not, that the rightful owner is present. In fact, both could be stolen. Conversely, biometric technology is capable of establishing a much closer relationship between the user’s identity and a particular body, through its unique features or behavior.
At the first thought of steganography what is the first thing that pops into you mind? For me I would have to stay the court steganography. It is really the only way I heard steganography mention before, but after research I came to the realization that court steganography is just one part of the various types of steganography that there are. Steganography is the art of covered or hidden writing. The purpose of steganography is covert communication to hide a message from a third party (Gary). Going all the way back to the caveman error steganography exited. There form of usage were painting on the wall that they used to communicate with each other. Some were simpler than others to understand others are still being coded as I write on this
Different people have different watermark moments in life. In my life, the three different events moved me significantly and those were the family celebration of Dashain in 2007 – the biggest festival in Nepal, the death of my mother in the same year, and the winning of U.S. Green Card Lottery for 2014 by my wife.
... of encryption named cryptography seems unreliable since it used plain text, but DNA authentication and stenography has been proven useful in the field. DNA computing has been proven to handle difficult computation problem and it still holds a possibility to solve even more complex problem and replacing the electrical computer in the future.
Data encryption refers to the process of transforming electronic information into a scrambled form that can only be read by someone who knows how to translate the code. In nowadays business world, it’s the easiest and most practical way to secure the information that we stored and processed, and it’s significant for our sensitive information. For example, as electronic commerce is popular now, the vendors and retailers must protect the customers’ personal information from hackers or competitors. They also have many business files or contracts that need to be strictly protected. Without data encryption, these important information may fall into wrong hands and be misused by others. Besides, data encryption may be used to secure sensitive information that exists on company networks, or create digital signatures, and help to authorize in business. No one should underestimate the importance of encryption. A little mistake in encryption may make sensitive information revealing, or even result in illegal and criminal accuse.
Codes have been around for centuries ranging from wax, invisible ink, Morse code, the Enigma used by the Germans during World War II and now steganographic. Steganography is the latest form to insidiously hide information over the Internet without a trace of a file being altered. You are able to hide messages within images, voice or music. Steganography is an ancient method of hiding messages. Today messages are hidden in images and music. Steganography can be traced back to the ancient Greek who would write messages on tablets and cover them in wax. This made the tablets look blank and unsuspicious (Kolata, F4). Citizens of ancient civilizations would tattoo messages on their shaved heads. They would then let their hair grown in and travel across enemy lines to deliver the message (Seper, G1). During World War II the Allies placed a ban on flower deliveries with dates, crossword puzzles and even report cards (Kolata, F4) for fear of a message being hidden with in. Steganographers first alter their data by using encryption and then place the image into a pre-select image. Steganographers look for a piece of code that would be the least significant and look the least altered to the human eye (Kolata, F4), being as inconspicuousness and random as possible. This makes the messages undetectable unless you knew that there is a message hidden and you were able to crack the code.
Actual counterfeit items can be divided into four categories: Vanity Fakes which are low perceived value products, Overruns or copies made from left over material, Condoned Copies made by other designers of fashion houses, and Copies made by the fashion houses themselves.
Digital Evidence is electronic data, materials, objects, property, documents, or records that are presented in court to prove or disprove allegations made against an arrestee. It takes the form of electronic data or information stored in bits and bytes on magnetic media. The examples of devices that can contain digital evidence include; cellular phones or similar all in one devices, pagers, digital voice recorders.
Steganography is basically made from two greek words steganos and grapter.steganos means covered and grapter means writing so steganography means “covered writing”.steganography is writing the secret message.The goal of steganography is to hide the text by installed messages in objects such as digital images, audio,video or text files.The other area of steganography is a copyright marking where the message is inserted to copyright over a document. steganography and watermarking portray routines to insert data straightforwardly into a bearer signal. Data stowing away in sound signs is increasing boundless significance for secure correspondence of data, for example, clandestine front line and managing an account exchanges by means of open sound
The technique of Steganography first dates to ancient Greece. A man named Histiaeus, who was being held prisoner by King Darius, had shaved the heads of his most trusted slaves and tattooed messages upon their scalp. When their hair grew back, he would send them out on a mission to deliver these messages to the leader of Miletus, Aristagoras. As a result, a revolt began and he was released. This is the earliest known method of Steganography but over the last few centuries it has being used in a variety of ways.
With the rapid development of image processing technology, it is getting easier to tamper with digital images without leaving any obvious visual trace. Today, seeing does no longer believe [1]. Image forgery, like any other illegal and pernicious activity, could cause serious harm to society.
In this era when the Internet provides essential communication between tens of millions of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for security becomes a tremendously important issue to deal with, So it is important to deal with it. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography. But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient. Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; In the old age people use to send encoded message which can be understand by the receiver only who know the symbolic and relative meaning of that encoded message .The first documented use of cryptography in writing dates back to circa 1900 B.C. Egyptian scribe used non-standard hieroglyphs in an inscription. After writing was invented cryptography appeared spontaneously with applications ranging from diplomatic missives to war-time battle plans. It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications. In telecommunications and data cryptography is necessary when communicating in any untrusted medium, which includes any network, particularly the Internet [1].Within the context of any application-to-application communication, there are some security requirements, including:
As one of the feature of biometric, signature verification is used to find the authenticity of a person to give the access the most valued and important documents and shelf. Firstly the signature of a person are taken as a reference in database. To generate the database, number of attempts from the same person has been taken, as it would permit minute deviations in signatures that generates due to environmental conditions. Once it is done, then the signatures at other times are every time then verified with the existing database. Because of confidentially of the file/document/transaction giving access is the crucial process that should be monitored with perfection. The same happens with offline signature verification. Computerized process and verification algorithm (thus software) takes fully care of signature under test, generate results that are 100% authentic, and advocates credibility of the concerned person .However, there might raise issue of authenticity even if the same person performs the signature. Or, at times a forge person may duplicate the exact signature. Many research have been done to find the accuracy of result so as to prevent from forgery. Forgery is also divided into different categories depending upon their severity as
Shorter life span of digital media: The ease with which changes can be made and the need to make some changes in order to manage the material means that there are challenges associated with ensuring the continued integrity, authenticity, and history of digital