Diapause is defined as a state of arrested development in which the arrest is established by a physiological mechanism rather than by simultaneously unfavorable environmental conditions (Beck, 1962). Assuring the continuity of life requires that individual cells and entire organisms can survive in ideal environments, but also in conditions of scarcity. When conditions are unfit for procreation, many cells have the capacity to enter a non-dividing state, while maintaining their ability to reenter the proliferative cell cycle. Diapause is a state of dormancy in which a reversible cell cycle arrest takes place that can protect against many environmental adversities. Diapause has been recorded in insect species that range anywhere from the European Corn Borer, as discussed by Staley D. Beck (1962), to the monarch butterfly (Herman 1981). Even though Diapause is not directly maintained by environmental factors, diapause is induced and sometimes terminated as a response to environmental stimuli. The most common environmental stimulants are temperature (Cherill & Begon, 1989) and day length (Beck, 1962). These organisms engage in diapause because of the many advantages it provides to the existence of the insect, this includes waiting for the perfect time to reproduce or avoiding predators (Herman, 1981). Evolutionarily the ability to engage in diapause is crucial to an insect’s ability to adapt and survive in its environment. Evidence of diapause has been gathered from a variety of insect species in which diapause is induced because of environmental stimuli and as a result the individuals benefit in multiple ways.
As a result of the advantages of diapause many insect species have evolved the ability to undergo a state of dormancy. There...
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... were tested and many results were obtained. One of the conclusions that was reached is that the photophase:scotophase ratios are a major influence in the relationship between photoperiods and dormancy. Diapause under 24-hour photoperiods approached a maximum when the photophase: scotophase ratio was approximately 1:1, and approached a minimum at ratios of either 1:2 or 2:1. Diapause under photoperiods displaying different photophase:scotophase ratios are shown in Table I (fig. 1). In this experiment the use of B.O.D. constant temperature incubators that had been altered to include a thermistor temperature control system was necessary in order to keep the temperature consistent regardless of the duration of the photophases. Daylengths have a strong correlation with temperature in nature so it was critical that both of those variables were controlled in Beck’s study.
..., Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, Available from Journal of Insect Physiology. (46 (2000) 655–661)Retrieved from http://www.units.muohio.edu/cryolab/publications/documents/IrwinLee00.pdf
The life cycle of a monarch revolves around the Butterfly weed plant. First the monarch lays its egg on the leaf of the plant. Once the Caterpillar is born it eats the leaf for nutrition. The Monarch caterpillar is striped black and yellow. As it grows and becomes ready to become a chrysalis by forming a cocoon it uses the plant again. The caterpillar forms its cocoon on the Butterfly Weed. By the time the caterpillar is ready to become a chrysalis it has grown to be about 45 millimeters in length. The chrysalis is pale green and spotted with gold. It becomes more transparent as the butterfly gets ready to break free. The adult Monarch has a wingspan of about 4 inches. The m...
Recently, researchers discovered an effect of dietary restriction on the average lifespan of many organisms, including yeast, worms, flies and rodents (Bishop, N., & Guarente, L., 2007). Since most heterotrophs have similar physiological mechanisms to utilize obtained nutrition, many are also affected by diets of different nutrition levels. Thus, future experiments on other animals with similar protocols can be conducted; these experiments can be based on other measurable parameters such as the average lifespan of
However, evidence such as fossils is more than enough to lend support and disprove any other theory to the development of species. Examples used by Root-Bernstein and McEachron also provide strong support to evolution. The authors detail how natural selection works in both insects and germs to create organisms better adapted to methods of control. Disease used to run rampant, until the creation of vaccines which led to many diseases becoming extinct. Root-Bernstein and McEachron note that the diseases that have survived to this day have been constantly mutating and evolving to become more resistant to any attempts at suppression. The same can be said for insects that have been consistently exposed to pesticides. The ones that survived the pesticides were able to reproduce and pass along a resistance to their offspring which in turn makes the species more resilient and better suited to their
Hopkins, in the east Kootenay region of British Columbia. I. Life cycle, brood development and flight periods. The Canadian Entomologist 94: 531- 538
As useful as their tongue is for collecting nectar it is useless in capturing insects hidden inside flowers, even though insects do provide most of the protein...
Outline the physical similarities between the (Blaptica dubia) cockroach and the cricket. Explain previous studies on physical stress in the cricket and in different species of cockroaches. Briefly discuss how the metabolic rate between the two species has been found to be very similar.
Health shapes our life, if you practice bad health practices, chances are you’re often sick, overweight, disease, or other medical issue. There are three main points of a person’s health, not just their physical health. The three parts are; social, mental/emotional, and of course physical. Setting health goals depends on age, body, and health of a person. I am 14 years old, and I am 5 feet tall, around 100 pounds. I’m generally the correct size for someone of my age. Though, it’s hard to achieve perfect health.
Almost every woman will go through menopause at one stage in her life. Menopause usually occurs between the ages of 45 to 55, but can occur as early as the 30s and as late as the 60s. This stage comes with many signs and symptoms like hot flashes, irregular menstrual cycles, and mood swings. This article will go over what menopause is, the symptoms, and what essential oils can bring you some relief during this phase.
When elderly people move into the last of life’s eight stages of psychosocial development, they enter the ego-integrity-versus-despair stage. This process is defined by looking back over someone’s life, evaluating it, then accepting it. People who become successful in this stage feel a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment. Erikson refers to this acceptance as integrity. This differs from generativity because one is accepting the end of their life, instead of accepting where their life will start in a sense of career and self. However, if one is to look back on their life with dissatisfaction, they may feel they have been cheated or missed opportunities. Such individuals will mostly be depressed or angry about the way life turned out and
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders which is characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance or both reasons. (1) According to that diabetes mellitus can be divided as type I and type II. This is common and its incidence is rising, 171 million people had diabetes in 2000 it is expected this condition to be doubled in 2030. It is spread in all the countries and therefore has become a major burden upon healthcare facilities. (2)
Insects are the most diverse group of organisms on the planet. They occupy most of the habitat in the world. Insects have served as a model group of organisms for tackling many biological queries. Butterflies (Class: Insecta; Order: Lepidoptera) have been used as a model for studies on ecology, development and population dynamics. Most of the species are highly seasonal and some have very restricted habitats. Butterflies are good indicators of climate and help us understand fluctuations in seasonal changes. They require specific ecological conditions for their growth and development. Monitoring butterflies helps us understand the overall diversity of a habitat as they are directly dependent on other factors such as availability of host plants and nectar plants. They also play a very significant role in
The extended life of an adult fruit fly is based on the temperature of its environment; for example at a 54°F the fruit fly’s life is averaged between 40 to 50 days (Ashburner, 2012). Female fruit flies are capable of mating and laying numerous sets of eggs which permits the fruit fly population to quickly multiply. The fruit fly’s life cycle starts soon as the female lays her eggs. The eggs then take about a day to hatch into the next stage, the larva (Shanholtzer, 2012). Once the larva molts and goes through the first, second and third instar, it hatches into the pupa which takes six days to reach the adult stage (Shanholtzer, 2012).
It has been well documented that women in general have a longer lifespan than men. In the past the reason was believed to be that women live a healthier lifestyle than men; I believe this is true to a point. Women don’t tend to work in as hazardous of environments and historically they tend not to smoke as much. Based on some research I have seen, a man or women’s lifestyle doesn’t sum up the total life expectancy of the individual. For the most part I believe the availability of modern medicine and the education level of the person will tie directly into the results. Basically if the person is moderately educated and has access to the modern medicine and actually uses it they can expect to extend their life. These are not the only factors of this though; genetics can obviously play a large role in the life expectancy of a person as well. People appear to be understanding this more and are moving to a preemptive strike when it comes to these types of issues. The fact that women have out lived men over the years may be taking a turn. Mortality rates of women are on the rise from lung...
Aged care is becoming such a huge part of our health system and society in general. It is so important that we come to an understanding on not only how it affects the community and society that we live in but the requirements that need to be met in order to care for older adults. Throughout this paper, we will discuss active ageing and the cultural, physical, economic and social well-being of older adults, as well as the affect that community as on the older population and visa-vasa. Accompanying this essay is a flyer that well be used to define active ageing, why it is important to individuals and the community. It is important to understand what active ageing is and that health is measured by more than just physical