Diabetes Treatments

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Diabetes Treatments

Diabetes mellitus is caused by a deficiency in the secretion or action of insulin. Nearly six percent of the United States population shows some degree of abnormality in glucose metabolism indicative of diabetes or a tendency toward the condition. Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases in which the regulatory activity of insulin is defective. There are two major clinical classes of the disease. There's type I, which is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and type II, which is non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). IDDM begins early in life and quickly becomes severe. NIDDM is slow to develop, milder, and often goes unrecognized. IDDM requires insulin therapy and careful, lifelong control of the balance between glucose intake and insulin dose. Characteristic symptoms of diabetes are excessive thirst (polydipsia) and frequent urination (polyuria), leading to intake of large volumes of water. Also, excessive hunger and food consumption (polyphagia). These changes are due to excretion of large amounts of glucose in the urine. The term diabetes mellitus means "excessive excretion of sweet urine."

Suspected genes that cause IDDM are localized on many chromosomes, showing that type I diabetes is a multigene autoimmune response. Some investigators believe the immune system is confused. They think that the pancreatic beta cells could be recognized as an alien entity because of previous exposure to a foreign substance that had similar proteins to the beta cells. It's believed that T cells target and enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) present in the beta cells. GAD coverts the amino acid glutamate into - aminobutyric acid (GABA), a messenger between neurons. GAD is loc...

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...ren dieing without experiencing life completely. The unfortunate thing is that the treatments are expensive without insurance. Buying the medications and test strips every month can put a huge dent in a diabetic's pocket.

Bibliography:

Bibliography

1. Boca, Terry. Pharmacist, Walgreens Pharmacy. Telephone Interview. 4th December 2001.

2. Kenyon, N. Ranuncoli, A. Masetti, M. Chatzipetrou, M. Ricordi, C. "Islet Transplantation: Present and Future Perspectives." Diabetes and Metabolism Reviews Volume 14 (1998), pages 303-313.

3. Cox, M. Nelson, D. "Lehninger Principles of Biochemisty" 3rd Edition (2000), NY, page 883.

4. Standl, Eberhard. "Redefining treatment choice in type II diabetes, Highlights of the Experts' Forum Meeting, Monte Carlo, 4-7 May 2000." Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications Volume 15 (2001), pages 162-166.

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