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Pathophysiology of diabetes type 2 essay
Diabetes mellitus type 2 pathophysiology
Pathophysiology of diabetes type 2 essay
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Diabetes as a National Health Priority
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease affecting over 4% of Australians, as well as a significant proportion of people whose conditions are undiagnosed (Harrison, Britt, Miller, & Henderson, 2013). As well as this high prevalence, the potential for the large burden of disease associated with diabetes to be reduced through lifestyle changes necessitated its endorsement as a National Health Priority Area (Colagiuri & Ward, 1998). Following this commendation, the government initiative ‘The National Diabetes Services Scheme’ was introduced along with other lifestyle-related campaigns to provide support for sufferers of diabetes and to address the risk factors associated with diabetes (Department of Health, 2013). Physiotherapy also has a role in the prevention and management of diabetes, specifically in creating and implementing exercise programs.
As diabetes mellitus has 3 different forms, the following report will focus primarily on type 2 diabetes as it is the most prevalent, accounting for 85% of cases (Austalian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013).
Pathophysiology of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes has a genetic onset that often occurs in adolescence (Porth, 2005). It is an autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing beta cells within the liver are destroyed (Dorman, 1993). This causes a deficiency in insulin secretion, which ultimately leads to high blood glucose levels, also referred to as hyperglycemia (Guthrie & Guthrie, 2004). The mechanism for insulin deficiency leading to hyperglycemia is described in more detail in the following section and in Figure 1.
Type 2 Diabetes
The onset of type 2 diabetes involves an interaction of both genetic and environm...
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...revention through awareness and education is achieved via the work of government initiatives such as the National Diabetes Services Scheme and health campaigns including Measure Up. The NDSS also works to improve the self-management of diabetes. Physiotherapists also have a role in the management of diabetes through implementing exercise programs. An evidence-based approach was used to create the proposed exercise program that aimed to manage the high blood glucose levels associated with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes (Sigal et al., 2007). It utilized both aerobic and resistance training in accordance with current knowledge of the most effective dosages for the population group. Physiotherapists must work alongside other healthcare professionals such as dietitians and general practitioners to provide optimal support and management for patients with diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus also known as juvenile diabetes is a serious condition in which the pancreas produces a small amount or no insulin at all. Insulin is a hormone the body needs to transfer sugar into cells to create energy. This disease is most common in children, but can occur in adults around their late 30’s to early 40’s. Unlike patients with type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes patients are not usually overweight.
Type 1 diabetes develops when the beta-cells are killed off by the immune system. This is because an inflammation is caused which the immune system fights off, ultimately destroying all/majority of beta cells. The role of the beta cells is to produce insulin within the pancreas. The beta cells are signalled when to release insulin’s to certain parts of the body. A person with type 1 diabetes is likely to have lost 70-80%1 of their beta-cells mass which is why they must manually inject insulin into themselves to maintain a healthy blood glucose level. When the blood glucose level falls (hypoglycaemia) you begin to lose energy.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is also referred to as insulin-dependent as the secretion of the hormone insulin by the pancreas is reduced to minor levels due to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells by immune system of the body. Therefore, Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune condition due to the fact that the body is harming the pancreas with antibodies so beta cells cannot make any insulin for bloodstream to take in glucose. The fact that the cells in the body cannot take in glucose means that it builds up in the blood and hyperglycaemia occurs. This abnormally high level of blood glucose is able to harm the nervous system, tiny blood vessels in the kidneys, heart and the eyes. Type 1 Diabetes is fatal when left untreated as it then causes heart disease, kidney disease, damage to the nerves, stroke and
Type 1 Diabetes formerly called juvenile onset diabetes occurs typically before the age of 20, but now at any age anyone can be diagnosed with type 1. Individuals with type 1 diabetes are usually thin, go to the bathroom a lot to urinate, and are always hungry. The cause of Type 1 Diabetes is that the pancreas, which is the organ that secretes insulin, is destroyed by auto antibodies, which is why people with Type 1 Diabetes always need insulin, either to be injected or through an insulin pump. When glucose cannot enter the cells, it builds up in the blood causing the body's cells to starve to death. People with type 1 diabetes mus...
Wyness, L. (2009). Understanding the role of diet in type 2 diabetes prevention. British Journal of Community Nursing, 14(9), 374.
Diabetes UK is a growing community that has over 300,000 supporters around the nation involving people diagnosed with diabetes, as well as their friends and families whom are affected by the condition. Collaborating with as many as 5,500 volunteers and 315 voluntary groups they raise awareness and funds, as well as campaign for change and support. Diabetes UK has a professional membership of over 6,000 healthcare providers from various clinical backgrounds. Members of the organization are professionals in the field of diabetes care, treatment and research. They use their expertise to collect the evidence base for strategies that help those affected by diabetes and educate their campaigns for helpful services.
Mr A is a 56 year old male who is currently suffering from deep vein thrombosis and type 2 diabetes. A case study describing Mr. A identifies that his current lifestyle is not conducive to being active, healthy or successfully managing his diagnosed diseases. This essay discusses Mr A’s diabetes, deep vein thrombosis and current lifestyle behaviours. It will be argued in this essay that health education campaigns inform Mr A about the conditions he suffers from, creates awareness of the risks associated with his current lifestyle and encourages Mr. A change his behaviour. Firstly, this essay includes a summary of deep Vein thrombosis and diabetes. Secondly, the transtherotecial model of will be discussed. Thirdly, health education
Notably, physical inactivity has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality, resulting in 6% of deaths globally (http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/pa/en/: last accessed on 30 April 2016). Characteristically, public health practice addresses the physical activity and exercise in a broader sense, focusing on the communities, populations and settings. On the other hand, due to the advancement in healthcare technologies, Clinical Exercise Science has made it possible to incorporate physical activity and various exercise modalities into healthcare practice in a way that a response at organism (e.g., humans, animals), organ system (e.g., musculoskeletal system, nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system), organ (e.g., heart, skeletal muscles, bones), and cellular (e.g., immune system cells, red blood cells) level can be examined, both in healthy people and patients with acute or chronic clinical conditions and disabilities. However, body of scientific evidence generated through the research in Clinical Exercise Science has its implications not only in clinical practice, but also in public health practice. This is one of the main reasons why I would like to join the Clinical Research Science Ph.D. program at the Potsdam
Interestingly no significant differences were identified between the experimental and comparison groups in terms of knowledge, adaptation, and program satisfaction. However, diabetes self-care activities significantly improved (p = .02) for the experimental group (p. 316).
Type 1 diabetes, is an incurable but treatable disease which can occur at any age but is mostly found in children due to the high levels of glucose in the blood (Eckman 2011). Juvenile diabetes affects about 1 in every 400-600 children and more than 13,000 are diagnosed yearly (Couch 2008). Type 1 Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, is too high. With Type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone, which helps glucose gets into your cells to provide energy. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood. Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums and teeth (American Diabetes Association). Previous research has suggested proper insulin management, a balanced diet and exercise will help maintain glycemic control and lessen the chance of complications (Couch 2008).
Norris SL, Lua, J, Smith SJ, Schmid CH & Engelgau, MM 2002, ‘Self- Management Education for Adults With Type ‘Diabetes’, Diabetes Care, Vol. 25 no.7, July, pp.1159-1171.
There are two primary types of diabetes, type 1, for which the onset is date is generally in children, it is known as juvenile diabetes. In Type 1 diabetes the body does not manufacture insulin (American Diabetes Association, n.d.). The second type of diabetes is Type 2, for which the onset is generally in adults. A third type of diabetes is gestational diabetes, occurring in women while pregnant generally around the 24th week, in most cases women will be relieved the diabetic symptoms after birth.
Since Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common health challenges world-wide, I am going to further incorporate the topic in my paper. Through academic research and resources, in my first paragraph I will be providing the health promotion definition along with expressing the importance for patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. My second paragraph will display the pathophysiology to help comprehend how this health challenge is present in the body. Health promotion interventions will also be incorporated with ideas and specific information to aid individuals in promoting health and preventing development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Diabetes is a common disease, which can be a serious life-long illness caused by high level of glucose in the blood. This condition is when the body cannot produce insulin or lack of insulin production from the beta cells in the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas. Diabetes can cause other health problems over a period. Eye, kidneys, and nerves can get damaged and chances of stroke are always high. Because of the serious complication, the purposes of teaching plan for diabetes patient are to optimize blood glucose control, optimize quality of life, and prevent chronic and potentially life-threatening complications.
Roughly 25 million Americans have diabetes; it is called the “Silent Killer” because almost half of those 25 million have no idea that they even have the disease; it can strike and kill without warning. I am interested in the disease because both my grandfather and my maternal great grandmother had diabetes. However, both of them had late onset diabetes, or Type II. Diabetes Mellitus is the cause of many serious health complications such as stroke, heart disease, renal failure, and blindness, among others. It can destroy the major organs in your body; untreated it can take your life.