Solubility studies
The components of the self-emulsifying formulations i.e., oil, surfactant, co-surfactant should have good solvent properties and appear as monophasic liquid at ambient temperature.28 A solubility study of ISR in various lipid vehicles plays a vital role in selection of components with maximum solubilizing capacity for developing a minimal volume of SNEFs with optimum drug loading.29,30
The solubility study results of ISR in various vehicles shown in Table 3, suggest that Lauroglycol FCC (1.67±0.16mg/mL) and Acconon E (1.15±0.24mg/mL) exhibited lowest drug solubility. It is also evident that among the tested vehicles ISR has highest solubility in Cremophor EL (>300 mg/mL). Furthermore, higher solubility was also observed in Capmul MCM L8 (18.73±0.21 mg/mL) and Labrafil M 2125 CS (6.52 ±0.21 mg/mL) compared to other vehicles. Based upon highest ISR solubility, Labrafil M 2125 CS, Capmul MCM L8 and Cremophor EL were selected as the oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively, for formulation of SNEFs. Labrafil M 2125 CS with HLB 4 was selected as oily phase due to its good solubilizing ability for poorly soluble lipophilic drugs,31 emulsion forming capacity and its bioavailability enhancing properties by lymphatic absorption.
Ternary phase diagram
A series of SNEFs were prepared using Labrafil M 2125 CS (Oil), Capmul MCM L8 (surfactant) and Cremophor EL (co-surfactant) with high drug solubility and tested for phase behavior. An earlier report suggests that combination of surfactant with cosurfactant is more effective in producing emulsion with small globule size than surfactant alone.32 A ternary phase diagram (Figure 1) was constructed based on the results of phase behavior studies to optimize the concen...
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...alue 13) composed with polyethylene glycol ester of ricinoleic acid as major component (85%).40 The ricinoleic acid present in Cremophor EL is an unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid has C18 hydrophobic carbon chain with unsaturated double bond at C9. These surfactants are composed with fatty acids of different carbon chain length with double bond, which might be the reason behind the formation of nanoemulsion with smaller globule size. The mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfactants with different HLB values results in the formation of a compact interfacial mixed film at o/w interface which improves the stability of formed emulsion. The zeta potential values for all the tested SNEFs were negative without any significant difference (p<0.05) probably due to ionization of free fatty acids of the oil and surfactants which enhances stability against globule coalescence.
A convenient method of separating a mixture of organic compounds is recognized as liquid-liquid extraction, which involves the dispersion of a substance between two immiscible solvents using preferential solubility. Strategically using the differences in solubility of the interested solute, the compound can be transferred from one liquid part to the other during extraction. Organic acids and bases can be separated from each other by using an organic solvent like diethyl ether and a polar solvent such as water. Diethyl ether is an appropriate solvent since it wil...
Antimicrobial encapsulated into polymeric nanoparticles is a suggested novel drug delivery system to treat CRS. Nanoparticles are categorized into nanospheres (matrix-like structure) and nanocapsules (vesicular systems). Nanospheres are a type of nanoparticles that allows drug encapsulation surrounded by a polymer matrix (Pinto Reis C. et al., 2006). Literature suggests Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) is an attractive polymer to coat the nanospheres due to their biodegradable and biocompatible properties (Makadia HK. & Siegel SJ., 2011). The nanoprecipitation solvent-diffusion method was chosen for encapsulation of the poorly water-soluble drug MUP. Initially, an oil-in-water emulsion is formed. PLGA and MUP in a 1:1...
Trimyristin was then processed to produce glycerol and sodium myristate using sodium hydroxide, ethanol, and water as reagents. After, hydrogen chloride and water were applied to convert sodium myristate to myristic acid via hydrolysis. In terms of reagents and product’s character, sodium myristate has the yellowish look in polar solutions like water because it is lipids that congregate into small droplet called a micelle. Thus, the nonpolar sides congregate on the inside of the micelle and polar ionic ends at the outside surface of the globule. The nonpolar inside dissolves the grease molecules and the ionic outside is washed away. As the result, the myristic acid will form.
However, low HLB surfactants may also be an important component of oral lipid-based formulation by behaving as a coupling agent for the high HLB surfactants and the lipophilic solvent components, as well as contributing to solubilization by remaining associated with the lipophilic solvent post-dispersion. Moreover, using a blend of high and low HLB surfactants may also lead to more rapid dispersion and finer emulsion droplet size upon addition to an aqueous phase [36, 48, 49, 51–55]. Thus, in this study, we decided to mix Tween 80 (high HLB value) with Carbitol (low HLB value) to identify the most effective combination emulsifying with three chosen oils. The size of the emulsion droplets decreased as the HLB value of surfactant mixture reached the required HLB (Table 2). In the case of soybean oil, the smallest size was 277 ± 2.49 nm obtained at 20:80 (v/v) ratio of Tween 80:Carbitol). In the cases of ethyl oleate (Tween 80:Carbitol, 90:10, v/v) and IPM (Tween 80:Carbitol, 60:40), the smallest droplet sizes were 2.9 ± 0.170 and 10.5 ± 0.596 nm, respectively. These results show that the combination of Tween 80 and Carbitol had extremely good emulsifying ability, resulting in a fine emulsion in the cases of using ethyl oleate and IPM oil. The results of the visual test (Fig. 1) are parallel to the results of droplet size measurements. The combinations that had a smaller droplet size of 100
amount of ester but with water added in, which gives us a good amount of product,
Performing this experiment, we used the technique called Acid-Base extraction to isolate Eugenol, which is one of the main ingredients of clove oil. Acid-Base extraction is the most efficient method for isolating organic component; it is efficient because it purifies the acid and base mixture based on their chemical identities. We have seen throughout this experiment that acid and base play an important role, when it comes to solubility in water. Our basic knowledge of acid and base is acid is a proton donor and base is a proton acceptor. This ideology helps us to understand why organic compounds are not soluble in water. When compounds tend to be insoluble, we have to use acid and base reaction, to change its solubility. The changes that occurred
surfactants. They are made up of two amphiphilic moieties connected at the level of the head
In this case study, our concern goes for the chitosan nanoparticles; firstly nanoparticles are able to adsorb and/or encapsulate a drug, thus protecting it against chemical and enzymatic degradation. Furthermore the encapsulated drug may be prevented from crystallization, thus forming a solid solution. Depending on drug solubility in the carrier, a drug load varying from only a few percent up to 50%] Secondly, chitosan is ...
Size and stability: Liquid formulation can be bulky, difficult to transport and store.1 During storage under the stated conditions, it’s necessary that oral solutions are not subject to precipitation, fast sedimentation, caking or formation of lump.2 They have poor stability compare to solid dosage form formulation due to hydrolysis.1 Therefore, it’s important to optimize the active ingredient stability in liquid formulation including those prepared from powder or granules.2
The solubility of HCA in various oils and surfactants such as eucalyptus oil, clove oil, lemon grass oil, pippermint oil, carvone, D-limonene, citronella, menthone, eugenol, oleic acid, tween 20, isopropyl myristate (IPM), tween 80, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) were measured. An excess amount of HCA was added to 10mL of oil and the mixture was shaken for 72 h at 25 °C. The resulting suspension was then centrifuged (R-8C REMI equipments, Mumbai) for 10 min at 10,000 rpm. The supernatant was filtered through a membrane filter (0.45µm) and the drug concentration in the filtrate was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis after appropriate dilution. The oil phase and surfactant that showed high solubility of HCA was used in the preparation of microemulsion.
It consists of Kevlar and other polyamides LC polymers. This surfactant have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part. In concentrated system, liquid crystal forms due to packing of micelles. This basically gives an idea about different polymers and possible attachments on polymers. An example of such a polymer is Kevlar and polyamides.
Mayonnaise is an important base of dressing, dips, and sauce. It is widely used in sandwiches, salads, and burgers, especially in western countries. Mayonnaise is an oil-in-water semisolid emulsion prepared from vegetable oil(s), acidifying ingredients (such as vinegar, lemon juice or citric acid), and egg-yolk containing ingredients. According to FDA (2015), a mayonnaise should contain not less than 65% of vegetable oil by weight. Emulsion is a dispersion of two immiscible liquids. As an oil-in-water emulsion, an emulsifier is required to stabilize the emulsion to prevent separation of oil and water phase. It adsorbs at the interface between the liquids and reduces the surface tension of the liquid to enable them to spread over one another
This thesis basically concentrates on the spreading behavior of (a) oils and (b) emulsions on model surfaces. The oils used were chosen from oils typically used in cosmetics, either as emollient or as a delivery vehicle. In this part of study, we focus on the wetting behavior of low energy substrate: Teflon, which has been used as a model substrate for spreading of oils. Our study targets on identifying various parameters like concentration, viscosity and interfacial tension values for their roles in spreading.
The amphiphilic molecules which is known as surfactants have been used widely in different industries including petroleum, environmental, food, agricultural, bioprocessing, cosmetic, and biological industries. Surfactants contain a hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part which make them capable to reduce surface and interfacial tension of liquids. However, these compounds are chemically synthesized which is mainly petroleum-based and toxic to the environment. These compounds may cause pollution to the environment because of their non-biodegradable properties (Banat et al., 2000; Fakruddin, 2013). Hence, the interest in biosurfactants increased rapidly in recent years as an alternatives to chemical surfactants (Banat et al., 2000; Lang & Wullbrandt, 1999).
The Scott's emulsion is made up of a cod liver oil range of emulsions rich in natural sources of vitamin A and D, calcium, phosphorus and omega 3. (GlaxoSmithKlein, 2014)The emulsion helps enhance and maintain the body's natural resistance to variable infections and develop strong bones and teeth. Therefore, it satisfies those achievers who look forward to well-established and prestige products that will demonstrate success. Besides, consumers who are goal oriented and are committed to their family members and career would prefer reliable and trustworthy brand for their health