Solid state characterization
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
FTIR spectra of the samples i.e. ISR, neusilin and optimized SNEP was recorded in the scanning range of 4000–400 cm-1 using FTIR Spectrophotometer (Paragon 1000, Perkin Elmer, USA) to illustrate the possible interactions between the drug and the carriers used in the formulation. Lightly ground mixture of formulation sample (4 mg), dry potassium bromide (IR grade; 200 mg) was compacted to form disc using hydraulic press and scanned at a speed of 4scans/s.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
Thermal behavior of the samples i.e. ISR, neusilin and optimized SNEP was determined from thermograms developed using differential scanning calorimetry (Mettler-Toledo, Columbus, USA) calibrated with indium. Accurately weighed sample of 4 mg was placed in a flat bottomed standard aluminum pan and scanned at a scanning speed of 10°C/min from 30○C to 300○C under a nitrogen gas flow of 80 mL/min.
Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Powder X- ray diffraction patterns of the samples i.e. ISR, neusilin and optimized SNEP were recorded at ambient temperature using a X’Pert PRO diffractometer (PANalytical, Almelo, Netherlands) equipped with a copper anode (Cu K radiation, = 0.15406 nm, 40 kV, 40 mA). The diffraction pattern was scanned from 2 Theta ranges of 4 to 50o at a scanning rate of 1o/min.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
The morphological characteristics of samples i.e. ISR, neusilin and optimized SNEP were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, S-4100, Hitachi, Japan) at an accelerating voltage of 15 Kv. Double-sided sticky tape with lightly sprinkled sample was affixed to aluminum stub and made electrically conductive with gold coating (3-5 nm/min...
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... drug concentration–time profile i.e., (AUC) was obtained by using trapezoidal rule. The peak drug concentration (Cmax) and the time to reach the peak drug concentration (Tmax) were obtained from the experimental data. The elimination rate constant (K) was calculated by regression analysis from the slope of the best fit line. The half-life (t1/2) was obtained by 0.693/K. The relative bioavailability of SNEP was calculated by AUCSNEP/AUCISR*100.
Statistical analysis
All the data presented as arithmetic mean with standard deviation subjected to statistical assessment using Instat Graphpad prism software (version 4.00; GraphPad Software, San Diego California) by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significance of difference between formulations was calculated by student–Newman-Keuls (compare all pairs). The differences were considered to be significant at P < 0.05.
...s the change in the temperature of both of these batches, 6°C for the pure, and 13°C for the crude. In this final sub-section of the Characterization of Aspirin, the values of absorbance were recorded. Initially, 0.0566 grams and 0.0590 grams of pure and crude Aspirin respectively were obtained and each individually placed into beakers (400 milliliter) and had 250.0 milliliters of distilled water added to them. From each beaker, a tiny amount of the just dissolved solutions was transferred to a cuvette, one cuvette for each type of aspirin. Each cuvette was placed into the ultraviolent spectroscopy mechanism which was connected to a computer and absorbance spectrum values were obtained at 298 nm (Figure 5) (0.1987 pure aspirin, and 0.9549 crude aspirin).
Craig, D. Q. (2002). Pharmaceutical Applications of Micro-Thermal Analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 91(5), 1201-1213.
The calculated result from the chi-square test gave a p-value of .0015. The null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis was accepted because the p-value was less than .05. The
In this case study, our concern goes for the chitosan nanoparticles; firstly nanoparticles are able to adsorb and/or encapsulate a drug, thus protecting it against chemical and enzymatic degradation. Furthermore the encapsulated drug may be prevented from crystallization, thus forming a solid solution. Depending on drug solubility in the carrier, a drug load varying from only a few percent up to 50%] Secondly, chitosan is ...
In this lab, Thin Layer Chromatography was used to identify the components of a certain drug. To do this, the compound in question, Motrin was tested against six standards in three different solvents. The three solvent were hexanes, ethyl acetate, and 75% ethyl acetate and 25% hexane; the solution of 75% ethyl acetate and 25% hexane was determined to be the best solvent. This is due to the larger variance in RF values. The six standards that Motrin was tested against were Aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, naproxen sodium, caffeine and a caffeine and ibuprofen mixture. To determine which standard was present in the chosen drug, the retention factors, or RF, were calculated. A UV light was also used to see the distance each sample traveled in
Discuss the possible drug and excipient-related constrains of the formulation (no identity of the drug was given to you at this
Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance using the SAS (9.1, SAS institute, 2004) statistical software package. Statistical assessments of differences between mean values were performed by the LSD test at P = 0.05.
The objective of this experiment was to identify a metal based on its specific heat using calorimetry. The unknown metals specific heat was measured in two different settings, room temperature water and cold water. Using two different temperatures of water would prove that the specific heat remained constant. The heated metal was placed into the two different water temperatures during two separate trials, and then the measurements were recorded. Through the measurements taken and plugged into the equation, two specific heats were found. Taking the two specific heats and averaging them, it was then that
First, a calorimeter was constructed with three standard styrofoam cups. One cup was stacked within the second for insulation, while the third cup was cut in half to be used as a lid. The lid was made to increase accuracy when recording the temperature. The temperature probe hooked up to Logger Pro software poked a hole in the top of the calorimeter by applied force with the end of the probe through the Styrofoam. Meanwhile, 40mL of deionized water were measured out in two clean 50 mL graduated cylinders, and poured into 100 mL beakers. The beakers and graduated cylinders were cleaned with deionized water to avoid contamination that may cause error. One of the beakers was placed onto a hot plate, which was used to heat the water in the beaker. The other beaker rested at room temperature. Once heated and at room temperature, the initial temperature was measured with the probe. Next, the two 40 mL of deionized water were poured into the calorimeter, quickly sealed with the lid, and the temperature probe emerged through the top of the calorimeter into the water to measure the temperature so the calorimeter constant would be determined. The equations used to determine the calorimeter constant were Δq = mCΔT and Δq =
Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Siezed Drugs. (2015). Retrieved May 2015, from http://www.swgdrug.org/
The authors of this article have outlined the purpose, aims, and objectives of the study. It also provides the methods used which is quantitative approach to collect the data, the results, conclusion of the study. It is important that the author should present the essential components of the study in the abstract because the abstract may be the only section that is read by readers to decide if the study is useful or not or to continue reading (Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan, 2007; Ingham-Broomfield, 2008 p.104; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380).
The Scientific Working Group for drugs is SWGDRUG. They set out guidelines for the professionals that practice in the drug analysis. Some of the guideline includes training and continuous training, sample schemes and procedure, and reporting to name a few. The training guideline set out what you have to s...
Haynes, William M.., and David R. Lide. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data : 2012-2013. 93e édition. ed. Boca Raton (Fla.): CRC Press, 2012. Print.
On further cooling the χT curve shows a sudden increase to 1.23 cm3.K.mol-1 at T=21 K followed by a sharp decrease down to 0.71 cm3.K.mol-1 at 5 K. The χT maximum de...
Plontke, R. (2003, March 13). Chemnitz UT. TU Chemnitz: - Technische Universität Chemnitz. Retrieved April 1, 2014, from http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/en/