In my opinion, I absolutely agree that development is a form of exploitation. Even though that concept of development is a contested concept, but according to Rostow (1960), the concept of development is connected to the economic growths which linked to economic performance. In general, development happens for the pursuit of economy. Then, Rostow (1960) seen development as an increase of production and efficiency and measured primarily by comparing the per capita income. Dimensions of development are diverse; economic, political, social, environment, technology and so on. Meanwhile, exploitation in the other hand is harmless, consensual, and is mutually beneficial for the developers and the society (Meyers, 2004). He added that exploitation …show more content…
For example, in the Third World or known as less developed countries in the world; Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Less developed countries urged for development exactly indicated through the economic interdependence on the developed countries. This is because they want to improve their quality of lives, instead of lag behind the scientific transformation and technology. They depend on developed countries in terms of foreign trade, international aid, technology and investment. Even though that Frank (1966) claims that modernization (development) theories contends that developed countries should share the responsibility to develop the less developed countries through the transfer of capital aid and technology, but instead of helping, they exploited the less developed countries.
Meanwhile, the developed countries exploit them by; taking their natural and mineral resources, agricultural commodities, manufactured goods, employ the less developed countries worker to work for them or known as cheap labour (by paying them a minimum wage to maximum the profit), technical or technology, free trade (by removing tariff and tax) and coordinate monetary policy. Therefore, Rostow (1960) claims that
“…the persistence of poverty and underdevelopment around the globe was seen as an effect either the countries lagging
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They must comprehend their own economic development by develop some technological assistance to increase and improve the production, economic and standard quality of living. Therefore, Frank (1966) suggest that less developed countries should distance themselves from the influence of capitalist system and refrain themselves from being exploited, or from becoming capitalist systems themselves. In order to achieve that, less developed countries should reduce their economic dependencies on foreign aid, international aid, technology and
International Development and the Social Sciences, pp. 259-290. University of California Press,. Rostow, W.W. (1960) “The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto.” pp.
In an article entitled “Resisting and reshaping destructive development: social movements and globalizing networks”, P. Routledge describes neoliberal development, “Contemporary economic development is guided by the economic principles of neoliberalism and popularly termed ‘globalization’. The fundamental principal of this doctrine is ‘economic liberty’ for the powerful, that is that an economy must be free from the social and political ‘impediments,’ ‘fetters’, and ‘restrictions’ placed upon it by states trying to regulate in the name of the public interest. These ‘impediments’ - which include national economic regulations, social programs, and class compromises (i.e. national bargaining agreements between employers and trade unions, assuming these are allowed) - are considered barriers to the free flow of trade and capital, and the freedom of transnational corporations to exploit labor and the environment in their best interests. Hence, the doctrine argues that national economies should be deregulated (e.g. through the privatization of state enterprises) in order to promote the allocation of resources by “the market” which, in practice, means by the most powerful.” (Routledge)
There are various theories of development which have an influence on current practices in schools today.
In conclusion, Collier thoroughly explains his reasons behind why the bottom billion countries are poor. His arguments covered a variety of the course concepts like internationalism, failed state, Globalization, and economic forces. However, after critical evaluation, it is clear that Collier ignored and underestimated several of these concepts.
Rodney’s argument is broken down into six chapters each consisting of several subdivisions and case studies supporting his principle argument. The first chapter works towards defining the terms of development and underdevelopment and argues the comparative nature of these terms; a country is only ‘underdeveloped’ by European standards. This chapter begins by tracing European development from its early stages of communalism through feudalism and finally capitalism. Then, he works towards developing an understanding of the term ‘underdevelopment’ and through an analysis of a variety of development indices what it constitutes in present day society: “In Niger, one doctor must do for 56, 140 people; in Tunisia one doctor for every 8,320 Tunisians”(18). The Marxist concept of inherent inequalities within the international capitalist system un...
This essay will detail will examine how development is defined and the relative inaccuracies which surround it. Good, you define terms and introduce the purpose of the essay. As mentioned above, many economists use GNP or GDP to measure. development. The. GNP may be defined as the total value, or output of goods.
There are at least four different research perspectives about the relationship between development and economic growth. Firstly, economic growth is the basis for social development. Secondly, economic growth and social development are not necessarily linked. Thirdly, both economic growth and social development are not basic causes by each other, but they depend on interaction. Fourthly, social development is the prerequisite for economic growth (Mazumdar. 1...
We cannot think that there would not become social outputs of economic development. Economic i...
If these developed countries continue to prejudge underdeveloped countries by wealth or other conditions, when people are faced with serious problems in society, these problems become global. By helping each other, all countries offer hope and compassion, and share new knowledge with each other. Therefore, people all over the world suffer less, because they know they are not alone.
Throughout the chapter the text exerts more emphasis on the economical evaluation of a country's development rather than the alternative method. It begins to branch off quickly into the classification of countries deriving new topics all relating back to the economical approach. Beginning this discussion is the topic of underdevelopment.
Rostow's five stages of economic growth begin with the traditional society. As described by Rostow, the underdevelopment is naturalised in this structure with the evidence of constrained production means such as technology. In this part, the society applies subsistence economy that technically results in small margins of productivity such as hunter-gatherer society (Sahlins 1972:1) Undesired to do nature exploitation, Rostow viewed society at this stage as restrained from progress. The second phase following the previous stage is preconditions of take-off. Economic growth starting to take place and is essential to justify the means within good definition. The society begins to implement the manufacturing of products while at the same time foreign intervention by advanced societies such as through colonialism is needed to bring about change in one's society. The next step towards moder...
These less-developed countries barely have enough skilled workers, managers and technology. Industrialized countries have four times as many managers and workers as the less-developed countries, also known as LDCs. It is almost impossible for the lower-developed countries to catch up or even compete with the industrialized countries.... ... middle of paper ... ...
...m having an authoritarian leader even if he is trying to help the country grow. Also, the authors don’t believe in foreign aid and they explain that usually only 10% actually reaches the helpless. However, even if only 1% of the intended aid was going to the actual recipients, than that would still be an accomplishment over nothing.
...hat: poor countries are separated from the world economy. It ignores the possibility that one country's prosperity may mean another countries poverty. Further, modernization theory ignores the roles that powerful state governments play in helping with wealth-creation as they support, regulate, and direct economic growth.
in relation to development. Development is explained by the Oxford Dictionary as the process of developing or developed in a specified state of growth or advancement. Underdeveloped as according to the Oxford Dictionary is ‘not fully developed or not advanced economically’ which is meant for a country or a region. We can certainly see the difference between underdeveloped and developed where the changing situation emerges from the economic point of view. To be more specific, worlds within world were created i.e. the nomenclature of First World and Third World came into picture. The First World is said to be the industrialised, capitalist countries of Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand who are developed (as explained in the definition). The Third World includes the developing countries of- Asia, Africa and Latin America who are still in the mode of developing. Normally we understand the situation of underdevelopment is because the third world was under the colonies or the colonial rule for a certain period of time and lags behind the first world in every aspects like- social, economical, political, technological advancements which are yet to be seen in the third world fully like the first world. In this paper we will talk about various theorists from - Karl Marx (capitalism and class conflict), Kay and Amin (merchant capitalism, colonialism and neo-colonialism), Vladimir Lenin (imperialism), Andre Gunder Frank (third world dependency), Lipton (urban bias) and dependency theory. Here in this paper we will try to explain and understand the relevance of the various underdevelopment theories and different attributes related to it terms of the Indian Context.