"The city in newly developing countries is a study in contrast of old and new, survivals of rural past and innovations from the West. This mixture is apparent not only in what one sees, but also within the inhabitants of such cities." (Breese,1969) In the discussion of whether modern societies do represent "progress" over traditional societies, we go back to the one of the earliest foundations of the modernization theory. To enumerate briefly, a traditional society is commonly described as "primitive", "backward", having "rigid social structures" and whose economies are limited to "rural and agricultural levels." These characteristics are said to have a disadvantageous effect upon the development of a society. After WWII, when the gap between developed and under-developed countries were seen to be widening, solutions were proposed by social scientists in order to effect economic improvements or to elevate the status of the said traditional societies into the economies of modern societies. In accordance to Rostow's stage theory, there are five stages of economic development in which a traditional society passes through, following the same pattern that the West has undergone:1) traditional society or subsistence economy 2) transition stage as pre-conditions for take-off where specialization generates trade surplus and mechanisms are created to support trade and investment, 3) take-off stage where industrialization grows rapidly and a more stable political and social environment is in place for sustainable trade, 4) drive to maturity where technological information creates diverse products and services for investment opportunities, lessening the need for imports and 5) age of high mass consumption where consumer durable industr... ... middle of paper ... ... Moore was keen on replacing the tem "newly developing country with "modernizing country" which is defined as "the total transformation of a tradition or pre-modern society into the types of technology and associated social organization that characterize the "advanced: economically prosperous, and relatively politically stable nations of the Western World (Moore, 1963:89) "It sees the teeming, sweltering warrens, where only the poorest dwell, adjoining luxurious villas where the only noise comes from an air-conditioner or splashing in a pool. It sees the sidewalk vendor in front of the Kingsway air-conditioned department store. It sees the newly arrived young migrant as he clambers down from atop a lorry load of vegetables, windblown and thirsty form the ride that has brought him to the city, wondering just where and how to start making his way." (Breese,1969
In history, it seems inarguably true that when a nation advanced in power and wealth, changes will soon followed. These changes affected the political, economic and social system of that nation, and often came as an advantage for wealthy individuals, while detrimental to others less fortunate. An example of this notion can be seen in American History. After the Civil War and the Reconstruction Era, America quickly surpassed Great Britain in industrial production thus became the leading nation in industrialization. However, great things do not come without a cost; the rapid technological expansion in the US would initiate the crisis of the 1890s. The crisis of the 1890s was the shift from the rural and agrarian society to a modern urban and industrial society.
There are various theories of development which have an influence on current practices in schools today.
For ease of review in discussing the developmental theorists and their theories of human development I have subdivided each theorist into their respective schools of psychology. These schools include the psychoanalytic school, behavioral school, humanistic school, cognitive school, and the individual schools of psychology. Each developmental theorist holds their own unique ideas and theories about various components of human development. I will be discussing the contributions of each of these theorists.
The first stage I will be talking about is the fourth stage of Erikson’s theory of developments industry vs. inferiority which is from age six years to adolescence, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments. They initiate projects, see them through to completion, and feel good about what they have achieved. During this time, teachers play an increased role in the child’s development. If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel active and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals. If this initiative is not encouraged, if it is restricted by parents or teacher, then the child begins to feel inferior, doubting his own abilities and, therefore, may not reach his potential.
Theories abound around how people develop emotionally, intellectually, socially and spiritually. This essay will examine the theories of five leaders on the subject of development.
In this essay I intend to discuss two psychological theories of development; The psychodynamic approach and the behavioural approach. In order to do this, I will outline each theory and explain how it accounts for psychological development, health and behaviour of the individual. In addition to this, I will explain how an understanding of these theories relates to care and would help a care professional to support an individual in a care setting.
The term, progress, is synonymous with phrases that denote moving forward, growth, and advancement. It seems unorthodox then that Ronald Wright asserts the world has fallen into a progress trap, a paradox to how progress is typically portrayed as it contradicts the conventional way life is viewed: as being a natural progression from the outdated and tried towards the new and improved. Wright posits that it is the world’s relentless creation of innovative methods that ironically contributes to the progress trap rather than to progress itself, the intended objective. Wright’s coinage of the term “progress trap” refers to the phenomenon of innovations that create new complications that are typically left without resolve which exacerbate current conditions; unwittingly then, matters would have been much better if the innovation had never been implemented. In his book, “A Short History of Progress,” he alludes to history by citing examples of past civilizations that collapsed after prospering, and ones that had longevity because they avoided the perilous progress trap. Wright recommends that societies of today should use indispensable resources, such as history, to learn and apply the reasons as to why certain societies succeeded, while also avoiding falling into the pitfalls of those that failed, the ones that experienced the progress trap. This can easily be interrelated with Godrej’s concept of “the overheated engine of human progress,” since humans for centuries have been risking environmental degradation for progress through ceaseless industrialization and manufacturing. This exchange is doomed to prevent improved progress and will lead to society’s inevitable decline since it is unquestionable that in the unforeseeable future, cl...
Theories of human development deliver a framework to deliberate human growth, development, and learning. Understanding the theories can deliver useful contents into individuals and society a set of principles and concepts that describe life span development. Development perspectives are the psychoanalytic theory, behavior theory, humanistic approach and cognitive theory. Each theory focuses on different aspects of human development. The psychoanalytic is “the approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are usually unconsciousness” ().Following, the behavior perspective emphasizing on the observable behaviors and “outside stimuli from the environment”. () This approach believed that the “full understanding
Throughout time, nations have attempted to become independent from one another by discovering means, which would help their citizens experience more fulfilling lives. The dilemma that troubled each of these countries is whether or not innovations, in technology and society, led to a higher quality of life. Modris Eckstein and Marshall Berman examine both, the damages and benefits of modernity. Eckstein looks at individual changes that lead to the overall acceptance of modernity. He examines Germany, and how the lives of every citizen was altered following the revolutionary changes of the first half of the 20th century. Marshall Berman, on the other hand, assesses modernity as an all-encompassing characteristic of certain societies. He analyzes whether or not large-scale changes that societies made, improved the well being of their inhabitants.
There are some notable occasions in the modern human history when the world took a massive leap forward. The industrial revolution of the 18th century, the technological revolution of the 20th century and the commencing of the 21st century are among them. Where they have taken the world forward, they have also contributed to the rise of a certain amount of disparity amongst the people. The world of today is divided between developed and underdeveloped countries. Where the Middle East and the west are highly endowed with resources, others like the African countries do not have sufficient resources and technological means as well. As a consequence, inferiority complex among nations begins. From there, nations begin to change their systems to
There are four essential developmental theories that demonstrate how children’s development changes as they grow up. These theories range from explaining how children grow from birth, how they feel about certain aspects of life, how they socialize with their peers, to how they think. The four theories of development that are vital to understand as teachers are Biosocial, Social Learning, Humanistic, and Psychoanalytic. Each of these theories provide teachers with an understanding of why children act a certain way during a certain point in their lives. Teachers that are knowledgeable about each of these theories will be more likely to be effective teachers, and to make a difference in their student’s lives.
Developmental theories are broken up into two perspectives; Life-course, and Latent Trait. These perspectives may answer questions on why juveniles have grown to lead a destructive life-style and why others grow out of their delinquency. Latent trait explains that some tendencies we are may be born with and how important it is to be there for our children. Our parenting skills do have a profound effect on how our children may lack self control or have an impulsive behavior.
Rostow's five stages of economic growth begin with the traditional society. As described by Rostow, the underdevelopment is naturalised in this structure with the evidence of constrained production means such as technology. In this part, the society applies subsistence economy that technically results in small margins of productivity such as hunter-gatherer society (Sahlins 1972:1) Undesired to do nature exploitation, Rostow viewed society at this stage as restrained from progress. The second phase following the previous stage is preconditions of take-off. Economic growth starting to take place and is essential to justify the means within good definition. The society begins to implement the manufacturing of products while at the same time foreign intervention by advanced societies such as through colonialism is needed to bring about change in one's society. The next step towards moder...
Many factors can lead to the underdevelopment of a country. The most common sign of underdevelopment is that of a “Dual Economy”, this takes place when a “small modern elite and middle class make up about 20-30% of a country’...
The Problems of Defining Development Development is very difficult to define as it has a wide range of meanings and has therefore been used in a variety of ways, by different people or organizations at different times. For example, geographers will link development with improvements in human welfare. e.g. greater wealth, better education and health. Many geographers will measure development in terms of the countries HDI (Human). Development Index.