Determination of the Solubility of Calcium Hydroxide Apparatus 250 cm3 volumetric flask 25cm3 pipette Pipette pump Burette 250cm3 conical flask Small funnel Rubber bung White ceramic tile Burette clamp G clamp Lab stand Quantities to be used 25cm3 Hydrochloric acid solution @ 0.3moldm-3 225cm3 Distilled Water Excess Methyl Orange indicator Excess Calcium Hydroxide solution @ 0.015moldm-3 Excess distilled water (for washing glassware) Making the Hydrochloric acid solution The hydrochloric solution provided is of a very high concentration compared to the concentration of the calcium hydroxide. Because the ratio of moles of hydrochloric acid to calcium hydroxide is 2:1, the concentration of the hydrochloric acid must be about twice as much as the calcium hydroxide: Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) à CaCl2 + 2H2O No. of Moles 1 2 The hydrochloric acid provided is of very high concentration compared to the calcium hydroxide, and so this will cause a very high error. Diluting the hydrochloric acid will reduce the error, because more calcium hydroxide will be needed to be added to complete the titration, and so a lot of drops of lower concentration hydrochloric acid would yield a smaller error than a few drops of higher concentration hydrochloric acid. The hydrochloric solution will be diluted 10 times to reduce the concentration from 0.3moldm-3 to 0.03moldm-3. This new concentration will therefore be twice the concentration of the calcium hydroxide. 1. Ensure the pipette has been washed with distilled water and then washed with hydrochloric a... ... middle of paper ... ...eriments with different chemicals, they will be washed out. The burette and conical flask will also be primed to reduce contamination from other chemicals. Drops will be used to add the Calcium Hydroxide solution into the Hydrochloric acid solution. This will ensure accurate results because a drop is about 1cm3 and so when the colour if the indicator changes, there will be a maximum concurrent difference of 1cm3 and so accurate results will be achieved. When carbon dioxide is passed through calcium hydroxide, a fine precipitate is formed. This precipitate is calcium carbonate. Passing the calcium hydroxide through filter paper ensures that no precipitate is allowed into the burette, and so the titration can be carried out as accurately as possible. Bibliography Salters Advanced Chemistry: Chemical Ideas
The purpose for this lab was to use aluminum from a soda can to form a chemical compound known as hydrated potassium aluminum sulfate. In the lab aluminum waste were dissolved in KOH or potassium sulfide to form a complex alum. The solution was then filtered through gravity filtration to remove any solid material. 25 mLs of sulfuric acid was then added while gently boiling the solution resulting in crystals forming after cooling in an ice bath. The product was then collected and filter through vacuum filtration. Lastly, crystals were collected and weighed on a scale.
Volume's Effect on a Copper Sulphate Solution We are trying to find out if the current though a copper sulphate solutions volume is increased. To find this information out I shall perform an experiment using the following equipment; · 1 power pack · 1 beaker · 2 carbon rods for anode and cathode · 1 ammeter · 1 measuring cylinder · 2 crocodile clip wirers I shall also be using 60cm3 volume of copper sulphate in my preliminary results to decide upon the concentration of copper sulphate and the voltage I shall use. The following diagrams show the step by step process in which I will do my experiment; [IMAGE] [IMAGE] [IMAGE] [IMAGE] I will take 10 readings from 10cm3 to 100cm3. I will repeat my experiment to give my experiment a fair average. I will keep the power pack the beaker the carbon rods the crocodile clips the ammeter the concentration of copper sulphate and the measuring cylinder the same each time I do the experiment this experiment.
Although this does not directly increase the number of particles, it does increase the number of particles that are available for the H+ ions to react with. This is shown in diagram 1 of appendix 2. The second way to increase the concentration in my experiment is to increase the concentration of the hydrochloric acid. By doing this you increase the number of H+ ions available to react with the calcium carbonate and therefore the number of collisions per second between the two increase.
Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of another substance at constant temperature and pressure. Solubility is typically expressed in terms of maximum volume or mass of the solute that dissolve in a given volume or mass of a solvent. Traditionally the equilibrium solubility at a given pH and temperature is determined by the shake flask method. According to this method the compound is added in surplus to a certain medium and shaken at a predetermined time. The saturation is confirmed by observation of the presence of un-dissolved material. Saturation can also be reached if the solvent and excess solute is heated and then allowed to cool to the given temperature. After filtration of the
The purpose of experiments was to determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide by titrating with KHP and to determine the concentration of Acetic Acid by titrating with a known concentration of sodium hydroxide solution. The titrant is the solution with a known concentration that is titrated to the another solution with an unknown concentration to determine the molarity of the second solution. The analyte is a substance which is examined by analytical procedure; the properties of that solution are measured. In the first reaction the titrant was KHP and the analyte was NaOH, in the second one the titrant was NaOH and the analyte acetic acid.
Determining the Concentration Of Limewater Solution Aim: The aim of this experiment is it to find out the concentration of Limewater by performing a titration with hydrochloric acid which has concentration exactly 2.00M.. What is required for me is that I have to design my own experiment and chose the right and appropriate apparatus and equipment. I will be provided with 250cm3 of limewater, which has been made to which contains approximately 1g/dm3 of calcium Hydroxide. This hypothesis from www.studentcentral.co.uk We were also give Hydrochloric acid (HCl) with a concentration of 2.00 mol/dm3 normal laboratory apparatus was also given and so was an indicator.
Water is the most important molecule that exists on the Earth. Without water living beings would not be able to live. Water is used for an immeasurable number of things. There are many properties of water, which makes this molecule so unique. One which people overlook is hardness. Hardness is defined in the Chemistry: The Central Science by Prentice Hall's as being "water that contains a relatively high concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, and other divalent cations." Water containing these ions is not a health hazard; however, it is a problem for industries and households. Therefore, the hardness of water is vital to understand in order to prevent the problems it could cause.
The amount of hydrochloric acid. 3. The concentration of the hydrochloric acid. 4. The surface area of the calcium carbonate.
In order to discover the initial properties of the unknown compound, the group performed qualitative, quantitative, conductivity, anion, and cation tests. For the qualitative solubility test, solvents used were water, toluene, and acetone; the test helped determine if the compound was ionic or polar. The unknown dissolved in water, which had a pH of 7, therefore the compound was polar or ionic. The unknown did not dissolve in toluene or acetone, proving that the compound was not nonpolar. During the quantitative test, group members placed two grams of the unknown compound ten milliliters of water and measured how much compound would dissolve in a given volume of solution. Using an Erlenmeyer flask and a volumetric pipet, the students dissolved two grams of the unknown into ten milliliters of water and a precipitate
the left so that the concentration of H is more than Me and so the
vi. One possible improvement could have been to add an extra part to the investigation, involving the formation of a calcium citrate precipitate from the citric acid in the lemon juice (using limewater of a known molarity), which could be extracted and weighed:
For the solid sodium chloride, using distilled water will make it an aqueous solution. Just like before using red and blue litmus paper will only indicate that the sodium chloride is neutral. The same can be done for sodium carbonate since it is soluble in distilled water, making it easy to determine whether it is an acid or base when using litmus paper. In this case, sodium carbonate is a base so red litmus paper will turn blue when the solution of sodium carbonate is dripped on to it.
of Copper Sulphate. To do this I plan to work out the amount of water
6. I then rinsed out the beaker and glass rod into the flask to make
In this experiment three different equations were used and they are the Stoichiometry of Titration Reaction, Converting mL to L, and Calculating the Molarity of NaOH and HCl (Lab Guide pg. 142 and 143).