3.4 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT
MOISTURE CONTENT:-
Principle:-
Soil water plays an important role for physical, chemical as well as biological activities in soil which influence directly /indirectly on crop growth. There are several methods for determining the soil moisture content in soil. They are:-
1. Gravimetric method
2. Neutron scattering method
3. V-ray attenuation method
4. Electrical resistance method In case of gravimetric method, soil samples are collected and dried in hot air oven at a temperature of 105oC for at least 24 hrs to a constant weight. Moisture Content (%)=(WS1-WS2/WS2) x 100 Where, WS1=mass of the fresh soil (moist) WS2=mass of the oven –dried soil(gram)
Materials Required:- Moisture
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1gram CuSO4, 10 g K2SO4 and 30mL of conc. H2SO4was added. The contents of the flask were shake far through mixing and allowed to stand for 30 minutes with frequent shaking. Then the content was digested until greenish +colour appears. K2SO4 raises the boiling point of the acid .So that the loss of acid volatile solution is prevented. CuSO4.5H2O is digestion accelerator which catalyzes the speed of digestion process. The reagents sometimes contain impurities so a blank is run with the same quantities of reagents and the blank value is subtracted from the value of soil digest. Digestion is effected on the Kjedahl digestion rack with low flame for the first 10- 30 min until the sample is completely charred. The heat is gradually raised until the acid reaches approximately one third the way up the digestion flask. The flame is not allowed to touch the digestion flask above the part occurred by the liquid. Executive boiling may cause volatilization of the acid before the organic matter is oxidized. Then the content was cooled and about 100mL was diluted with distilled water. The flask was swirled for about 2 minutes and the fluid part was transferred to a 1000mL distillation flask. Few glass beads was added to prevent bumping. The flask was fit with two neck joints to one neck dropping funnel is connected for adding 40% NaOH while to the other neck Kjeldahl trap which is used to trap the NaOH coming with …show more content…
The diversity index was calculated according to Shannom –Wiener diversity index. The plant base diameter was measured with the help of measuring tape.
The following parameters were determined as under:-
Frequency:-
Frequency expresses the distribution or dispersion of various species in a community. The percentage frequency is calculated as follows:
% frequency = No of quadrats in which the species occurred*100 Total number of quadrats studies
to digest starch. I am going to vary the PH from PH6 to PH9 to see
Then, the weak acid was isolated from the NaOH extract. After cooling the mixture, HCl was pipetted into the flask, neutralizing the NaOH. This enabled the, now precipitated, weak acid to be filtered out of the solution. After vacuum filtration was used to remove the solid acid, percent recovery was recorded, and the weak acid was moved to a
As we have observed throughout the centuries, colonialism has immensely shaped the majority of countries of modern society. In the essay “The Impact of Colonization and Western Assimilation on Health and Wellbeing of Canadian Aboriginal People”, Cathy MacDonald & Audrey Steenbeek developed significant points that reflect as connections to the essay “Virgin Soils Revisited” emphasizing the devastating impact colonialism has had on the wellbeing and health initiatives imposed on the Native Americans and the Aboriginal people of Canada to this day. Both indigenous populations have endured the hardships of poor health, racial issues such as oppression, and cultural assimilations due to the long-lasting effects of colonialism.
Three substances mainly make fertilisers: nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. Their percentage in the solution will change the effectiveness on a determinate plant; for example is recommended to use high proportion of nitrogen fertilizers during the spring growth of spurts. The fertilisers can be spitted in two categories: organic that contains a low level of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and aren’t toxic to the environment and synthetic that are made by a high concentration of the three substances and can be corrosive to the environment if are overused.
The another devastating abiotic stress which is considered to be highly responsible worldwide for decreasing yield and quality of crop productivity is drought (Lambers et al. 2008 ; Moghadam et al .,2011; Mohsen Pourgholam et al.,2013 ; M. Farooq et al., 2012; Abolhasani and Saeidi, 2004 ; Monjezi et al., 2013).It harms plant growth and development and reduces crop growth rate and also affects biomass accumulation. Generally, in crop plants drought severely affects the cell division and expansion, elongation of root, leaf size, proliferation of root and inhibition of shoot growth (Sharp & Davies 1989; Spollen et al.,1993;Yamaguchi et al.,2010). Furthermore ,it also badly hampers all kinds of plant functions and physiological and biochemical traits such as mineral elements, carbohydrates, free radicals, ions, hormones, lipids, and nucleic acids (HongBo et al., 2005; Yasar et al., ; Moghadam et al .,2011,Mohsen Pourgholam et al,2013) .The transportation of nutrients from the roots to the stem severely get affected by drought as the rate of transpiration is reduced and damage of active transport and membrane permeability take place (Viets, 1972; Alam, 1999; Yasar et al ). Simultaneously, due to decrease in soil moisture, problem occurs with the low distribution of absorbed nutrients by the plant roots in the soil (Alam, 1999; Yasar et al ). More importantly, drought leads to rise in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to energy accumulation in stress condition of plants (Smirnoff 1993; Asada 2006; Waraich et al.,2011).Drought diminishes photosynthetic carbon fixation primarily through restraining the entrance of CO2 into the leaf or by reducing metabolism (Smirnoff 1993; Loggini et al., 1999; Ap...
A known solution of Na2SO4 was made and the unknown solution was made. Both solutions were mixed with BaCl2 twice to create a reaction. The solutions were all put into test tubes to be put into the centrifuge to separate out the precipitate, NaCl. The precipitate was then removed from the tubes and put on filter paper to dry. Once they dried the filter paper with precipitate was weighed. Then the mass of the filter paper was subtracted from the total weight, to find the mass of the precipitate, shown in Table 3. The mass of NaCl precipitate was used to find the amount of NaCl present. Then the amount of NaCl was used to determine the amount of Na2SO4 present. Then this number was used to determine the experimental molar mass of Na2SO4. The experimental molar mass was compared to the actual molar mass. All the values of these calculations are shown in Table 5. The actual molar mass and experimental molar mass were very close and resulted in a percent yield of
-Distilled water to make up solutions as part of the experiment sucrose to make up part of the experiment -Potatoes to cut into equal mass and observe what happens to them when left in differing concentrations of sucrose solution. -Tissue paper which will be used to dry the potatoes after the -Electronic Balance to weigh the potatoes acuratley. -Cork borer which will be used to cut out potato cylinders. -Boiling tubes to put 20ml of differing solutions into. Variables: -Concentration of solute.
The purpose of experiments was to determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide by titrating with KHP and to determine the concentration of Acetic Acid by titrating with a known concentration of sodium hydroxide solution. The titrant is the solution with a known concentration that is titrated to the another solution with an unknown concentration to determine the molarity of the second solution. The analyte is a substance which is examined by analytical procedure; the properties of that solution are measured. In the first reaction the titrant was KHP and the analyte was NaOH, in the second one the titrant was NaOH and the analyte acetic acid.
Barren Ground by Ellen Glasgow follows the life of Dorinda Oakley, a poor girl living in a desolate town in Virginia. At the beginning of Barren Ground, twenty-year old Dorinda Oakley lives with her family in the town of Broomsedge. She dreams of escaping her farm house for a life in New York when she meets the son of the village doctor, Jason Greylock, and almost instantly, she develops feelings for him. He becomes the “object of her passion” (Bunch). But when she loses him, her life is forever changed. In Ellen Glasgow’s novel Barren Ground, the main character Dorinda Oakley leaves her life of poverty in order to pursue her dream of happiness and in her journey experiences love, loss, and despair.
The procedure for this experiment can be found in Inorganic Chemistry Lab Manual prepared by Dr. Virgil Payne.
Put half a cup of soil in each of the cups. Pat down to even.
The mixture was then cooled. Vacuum filtration was then performed on the mixture. This was done by carefully rinsing the precipitate mixture over moist, pre-weighed filter paper into a Büchner flask under vacuum. The residue was then moistened with ethanol while the flask was still under vacuum. The residue and filter paper were placed on a pre-weighed watch glass and weighed. They were then placed in a drying oven for about fifteen minutes and then reweighed. They were reweighed after a further five minutes in the oven and then again after another five minutes, so as to ensure the precipitate had been fully dried.
Soil is the most important non-renewable resource on any farm. Healthy soil is key to a good
The effect of soil salinity in plant growth is part of botany, the study of plants.
Biodiversity refers to wide diversity found in the living components of the earth which refers to the numerous varieties of flora and fauna including those of microorganisms too. The interaction of biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem is very important aspect of life on earth. Biodiversity helps us to understand the variations among species and also how life originated on earth. Its study helps us to understand the inter-relationship between various forms of life and their adaptation to different conditions.