The current status of the problem
The chemical modification in triplex forming oligonucleotides affects the stability of RNA triplex. The incorporation of 2-omethayl-modify residues in a triplex forming oligonucleotides destabilizes and stabilizes triplex formation with RNA and DNA duplex regions (Patterson, Plaxco & Ricci, 2010). The deterioration of RNA triplex formation may be making easy through modulation of van der Waals contact, base stacking backbone pre-organization, geometric compatibility and dehydration energy (Patterson, Plaxco & Ricci, 2010).
Antisense are frequently very large numbers of mRNA molecules in a cell, and it is hard to attain complete inhibition of a specific mRNA. On top of that, the feedback mechanisms exist that can lead to enlarged mRNA production, in response to obliteration of mRNA in antisense therapy. It is shown that parallel triplexes are thermodynamically less stable at physiological pH (Patterson, Plaxco & Ricci, 2010). Two reasons for the instability of triplexes at pH 7 and above include, the C+·GC triplet is stabilized by prolongation which only occurs at low pH and the juxtaposition of three polyanionic DNA strands is destabilizing at all pH values (Patterson, Plaxco & Ricci, 2010).
Another problem is that the Triplex-directed DNA recognition is strictly limited by polyp urine sequence, the recognition of base pair inversions, in a duplex by chimeric TFOs, containing α-thymidine and α-deoxyguanosine (Patterson, Plaxco & Ricci, 2010). The hybridization of hairpin with an array of chimeric probes proposes that recognition of double-stranded DNA follows complex rules combining reversed Hoogsteen and non-canonical homologous hydrogen bonding.
Molecules that bind to the DNA double helix may i...
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...chemistry, 82(21), 9109-9115.
Reason for use: It describes the development of therapeutics and functional genomics applications) Besch, R., & Degitz, K, 2004, Triplex-forming oligonucleotides-sequence- specific DNA ligands as tools for gene inhibition and for modulation of DNA-associated functions. Current drug targets, 5(8), 691-703.
(Reason for use: Explains the status of transcription activity on efficiency of triplex formation and binding and antigene activity of a daunomycin-conjugated triplex-forming oligonucleotid)
Guntaka, R. V., & Weber, K. T, 2003, Triplex-forming oligonucleotides as modulators of gene expression. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 35(1), 22-31.
(Reason for use: Forms the basis of the scientific disciplines of molecular biology and genetics and underpinsgenomics, DNA diagnostics and modern aspects of forensic science)
In certain situations, it is necessary to identify DNA retreived from a sample. When there is a
Miller, Kenneth R. and Joseph S. Levine. “Chapter 12: DNA and RNA.” Biology. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. Print.
Every single living organism has deoxyribonucleic acid, but their cells vary. Some viruses use RNA though. The deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, found in organisms contain all the instructions necessary for creating different proteins that have different functions, but the molecule cannot leave the nucleus; this is where ribonucleic acid, or RNA, comes into play (Hall, 7). Deoxyribonucleic acid has multiple different components that come together in a structure that differs to the structure of ribonucleic acid (Hall, 9). Ribonucleic acid is very versatile with its build and functions. In the lives of DNA and RNA, each goes through processes known as replication, translation, meiosis and mitosis (Hall, 16, 18). During one of these processes, mutations can occur; one of these mutations can be the cause of oncogenic viruses (Hall, 53). RNA is an essential molecule that deals with coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes (Epigenetics Modifications and Viral Infections, 2007-2014). When it comes down to epigenetic alterations in oncogenic viruses, it leads to the discovery of how viruses can infect our cells through inheritance such as some cancers. Deoxyribose and ribose are two nucleic acids that provide clues in the epigenetic alterations in early oncogenic viruses.
3. Prospects for Antisense Nucleic Acid Therapy of Cancer and AIDS. Eric Wickstrom, Ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., NY, 1991. pp 25-33, 35-51, 125-141.
Schulman, Joshua M., and David E. Fisher. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 28 Aug. 0005. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.
Tsou, J. A., Hagen, J. A., Carpenter, C. L., & Laird-Offringa, I. A. (2002, August 05). DNA
The collection of DNA in an investigation is used most often to determine who the perpetrator(s) might be in a crime. There has been a rapid growth since its inception and legal and ethical issues have arisen. In the Double –Helix Double-Edged ...
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science. (2009). DNA Forensics. Retrieved from Human Genome Project Information: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/forensics.shtml
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an acclaimed extraordinary discovery that has contributed great benefits in several fields throughout the world. DNA evidence is accounted for in the majority of cases presented in the criminal justice system. It is known as our very own unique genetic fingerprint; “a chromosome molecule which carries genetic coding unique to each person with the only exception of identical twins (that is why it is also called 'DNA fingerprinting ')” (Duhaime, n.d.). DNA is found in the nuclei of cells of nearly all living things.
"Using DNA to Solve Crimes." U.S. Department of Justice: National Institute of Justice. (September 9, 2014). Web. 29 May 2015.
"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Fact Sheet." National Human Genome Research Institute. 10 Dec. 2007. National Institutes of Health. .
Shi, Y., & Zou, M. (2008). Progress in gene therapy research. In J. L. Lewis (ED.), Gene therapy and cancer research progress (pp. 23-130). New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
An important characteristic of PNAs is their backbone. The backbone of DNA is a deoxyribose-phosphodiester. This backbone is somewhat weak because it is negatively charged. In comparison, the backbone of PNAs is neutral, allowing for stronger binding [1]. In fact, PNA binds more strongly to DNA and RNA than DNA itself does. Chemically, PNAs are related to both proteins and DNA. Additionally, PNAs were not difficult to synthesize and are chemically stable. It was found that when PNAs bind to DNA they are efficient and have high sequence selectivity
Distinct characteristics are not only an end result of the DNA sequence but also of the cell’s internal system of expression orchestrated by different proteins and RNAs present at a given time. DNA encodes for many possible characteristics, but different types of RNA aided by specialized proteins sometimes with external signals express the needed genes. Control of gene expression is of vital importance for an eukaryote’s survival such as the ability of switching genes on/off in accordance with the changes in the environment (Campbell and Reece, 2008). Of a cell’s entire genome, only 15% will be expressed, and in multicellular organisms the genes active will vary according to their specialization. (Fletcher, Ivor & Winter, 2007).
The scientific and medical progress of DNA as been emense, from involving the identification of our genes that trigger major diseases or the creation and manufacture of drugs to treat these diseases. DNA has many significant uses to society, health and culture of today. One important area of DNA research is that used for genetic and medical research. Our abi...