The fascination for Space, has been an innate part of human nature, and it is no surprise then, that Space Exploration has taken the world by storm. Be it the unmanned Sputnik-1, the Apollo missions, or the futuristic Space Shuttle program, we’ve successfully launched both men and machine into space, and brought them back to the Earth as well. Re-entry is the movement of the vehicle through Earth’s atmosphere from outer space. This Re-Entry phase is the most crucial phase for the safe return of the craft. It is in this phase that the vehicle encounters intense atmospheric heating, and the temperatures of the vehicle may reach up to 3000 K. It then becomes essential to design the vehicle in a way that it can withstand this heating, provide enough drag and can take care of the payload requirements as well. It is also imperative then to design an effective Thermal Protection System which can protect the vehicle. For all of these conditions to be realized, we must study the Hypersonic Flow Conditions, Trajectory, Design Considerations, Thermal Protection Systems, and Estimation of Heat Transfer rates over the body, which is what our report aims to do. We also aim to analyse the heat transfer over the designed nose shapes using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as the analysis tool. For our analysis, we decided upon a maneuverable Lifting trajectory and a blunt bi-cone design for our re-entry body. A blunt body minimizes atmospheric heating by deflecting the heat away from the body due to the formation of a detached shock. The merits of the bicone design can be understood by looking at the payload considerations. A singular cone, for which the cone angle is usually less than 15 degrees tends to be inefficient for rectangular payloads ... ... middle of paper ... ...dimensions of these two have been shown in the following. It is a launch system that is capable of launching a launch vehicle into the space more than once. It is different from expendable launch systems, where each launch vehicle is launched once and then discarded. The closest example in use is the partially usable launch vehicle. The orbiter which includes the main engines and the two solid rocket boosters are reused after several months of refining work for each launch. The external fuel drop tank is typically discarded. Orbital RLV’s are thought to provide possibility of low cost and highly reliable access to space. However reusability implies weight penalties such as non-ablative reentry shielding and a stronger structure to survive multiple uses, and provided the lack of experiences with these vehicles, the actual costs and reliability are yet to be seen.
Major Ted Tolman’s F-105 Thud fighter/bomber streaked through the air at just under the speed of sound. His aircraft performed modestly at best, struggling to maintain its speed and altitude under the heavy load of ordinance and fuel it carried under its wings (Patrick).
Orbiter is the only winged space shuttle to orbit and land, and the only reusable orbiter that has ever
Following World War II and the jet engine technology that emerged largely toward its end, aerospace engineers knew well that the technology had great potential for use in the commercial aviation industry. The Comet was the first aircraft to utilize jet propulsion; however, its designers failed to consider the metallurgy of the aircraft’s materials under flight conditions or the consequences of their atypical window design. The aircraft was designed by Britain’s De Havilland Aircraft Company and entered service in May 1952. After a year of service, however, the design issues mentioned above resulted in the failure of several Comet aircraft. Extensive evaluations revealed that repeated pressurization stress on the aircraft’s main cabin had caused its structure to fail.
The future of the aerospace industry will involve gradual changes in the near term, with the prospect of more radical shifts in the decades t...
Travelling at a speed twice that of sound might seem to be futuristic; however, this feat was already achieved almost 40 years ago by the world’s only supersonic passenger aircraft, the Concorde. Concorde brought a revolution in the aviation industry by operating transatlantic flights in less than four hours. The slick and elegant aircraft with one of the most sophisticated engineering was one of the most coveted aircraft of its time. However, this was all destined to end when Air France Flight 4590 was involved in a tragic disaster just outside the city of Paris on July 25, 2000. The crash killed 113 people, but more disastrous was its impact.
In this paper you will learn so much about rockets you can become a rocket specialist. Many may ask how do rockets work? Many will respond that they are pushed against something but that is wrong. Since rocket's main purpose are to travel in space where there is nothing, not even air they can not rely on “something” to push themselves against in space. This is the right answer to how rockets work; Rockets use fuel, they burn the fuel and it turns into hot gas.
The four forces interact with each other and contribute the stability, maneuverability, and controllability of an aircraft. Lift is produced by the dynamic...
It is within man’s blood and nature to explore, and space is our next New World. Man’s first achievement in space travel was the launch of the Sputnik on October 4, 1957. For the next decades, space travel was roaring like a rocket, fueled by man’s desire to explore, man’s desire for knowledge, and man’s desire to beat his enemies. However, these impulses have died out as the well of government funding has been diverted to wars and debts, and the interest of the American people has been diverted to wars and debts. Amidst all these issues it is debated as to whether or not space travel is worth the money and the attention of scientists, particularly since humanity faces so many issues on earth currently. However, because of the past inventions, current services, and future benefits, space travel is indeed worth the money and attention of governments and people. It is within our hands to control man’s advancement, and space travel is the next venue to do so.
Lift is a simple concept to grasp, yet the reason it exists is a complex one. To this day there is still great debate over what is the cause of lift. There are several popular explanations given which are commonly found in student textbooks, and even pilot training manuals, yet these popular explanations do not stand up to serious physics analysis. The most common of these arguments is based off of Bernoulli’s Principle.
People have been venturing out into the universe for many years now. In addition to satellites, both women and men astronauts have traveled into space to collect data about the universe. The first human being, the first animal, and the first spacecraft in orbit, were all achievements of the Soviet Union.
A solid propellant rockets posses more advanced fuels, designs, and functions than the early rockets, as does the Liquid fueled. Yet solid propellant rockets remain in wide spread use today, as seen in rockets including the Space Shuttle dual booster engines and the Delta series booster stages. A solid propellant is a monopropellant fuel, which is a single mixture of several chemicals. This fuel is in its solid state and has a pre-formed or molded shape. The interior shape of the core is an important factor in determining a rocket's performance. Solid fueled rockets are relatively simple rockets. This is their chief advantage, but it also has its drawbacks. Once a solid rocket is ignited it will use up all of its fuel and cannot be shut off. Another disadvantage is the danger involved in the premixed fuels of monopropellant rockets. The Saturn V moon rocket used nearly 8 million pounds of thrust requiring a high specific impulse liquid propellant.
The future for these products is also quite often over looked. The components are not made to be detachable, so the different materials cannot be recycled correctly or recycled at all, which leads to landfills and pollution. Every material, from wood to steel to carbon fibre has an environmental story behind it and these can all be reused, however there is quite often not enough thought into this design aspect. These components are not labelled correctly for recycling and the result is a scarred landscape. However recycling these days has now turned into a way of life for us. Bins are now everywhere marked with the unmistakeable ‘three-green-arrow’ (another remarkable graphic design – now playing a huge role in the way we live), which lets members of the public kn...
Space has always been a pivotal and utmost important subject for many years. In the past, scientists have made monumental advances in this field such as sending people into orbit and landing a man on the moon. Of course, this has only barely been explored and we still have a lot more to see of the ever-vast outer space. One of the most significant topics of all of science has only been touched and there’s still more to come.
The modern day space environment is no longer a mystery to humans. Yuri Gagarin of Russia was the first person to experience space adventure in 1961. Since then, technological advances have enabled space exploration, with new discoveries being made from time to time. Scientists have significantly contributed to the development of space tourism. Noteworthy inventions by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have transformed human life through increasing accessibility to space. The agency has made it possible for astronauts to go to the moon and also to walk around planet Mars with robotic automobiles. The invention of the tri-axis control design has had a significant influence on modern space explorations, helping astronauts to effectively focus their satellites on the target. This has been important in increasing efficiency and precision in astronomical discoveries (Birchard, 2003).
Fig 3.1 Prediction of pressure field induced by the intersection of rotor with helicopter Fuselage in forward flight [15]