Metabolic Syndrome (syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome) is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and other health problems, such as diabetes and stroke.2 It is characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, low HDL, and elevated triglycerides. Some hallmarks of metabolic syndromes are dyslipidemia, central adiposity, and a predisposition to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Genetics appears to play an important role in predisposing certain individuals and populations to the development of metabolic syndrome.1 Multiple environmental factors modify this genetic predisposition and include physical inactivity, advancing age, cigarette smoking, and endocrine dysfunction. The presence of one or either of these signs should alert the clinician to search for other biochemical abnormalities that may be associated with the metabolic syndrome.
There needs to be at least 3 of the 5 risk factors to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome.3 There are 3 etiological categories for metabolic syndrome, disorders that deal with adipose tissue; insulin resistance, and a many independent factors that mediate different aspects of the metabolic syndrome. The medical history should include evaluation of symptoms for OSA (obstructive sleep apnea) in all patients.1 OSA is commonly associated with obesity, HTN, increased circulating cytokines and insulin resistance.1 Medical history should include evaluation of symptoms for PCOS in premenopausal women. PCOS is prevalent in 40-50% of women with metabolic syndrome and is 2-4 times more likely to occur than women without PCOS.1 Family hist...
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Some ways to fight of this syndrome include regular diet and exercise and various bariatric surgeries. Long range BMI target/goal is less than 25. If life style change is not enough than drugs that help lower cholesterol level high blood pressure and blood sugar can be used such as statins, fibrates or nicotinic acid. 4Other things that can be done include trying to fight the insulin resistance by starting thiazolidinediones. Also, treating the different risk factors like elevated blood pressure, prothrombotic and proinflammatory state independently.
Our patient has 4 of the 5 risk factors: low HDL, high triglycerides, high fasting blood glucose, and central obesity. Because of this, she does seem to have metabolic syndrome. With metabolic syndrome concomitant disease states occur that the patient may have, including PCOS, and hypothyroidism.
My case study was based on a women name Margie. Margie is a 50 year-old women that frequently exercises and maintains a healthy eating habit. Even though Margie is a fit 50 year-old her cholesterol was well above average 222. Her trainer then recommended her to sign up for extra kickboxing class and maintain a vegetarian low fat diet, therefore her cholesterol would decease. About a month later she tested her cholesterol again and after the extra exercise, low fat diet her cholesterol was higher than the previous time at 230. Therefore, Margie attended the doctor where she was diagnosed with hypothyroidism.
Shannon, J. B. (2007). Endocrine and metabolic disorders sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about hormonal and matabolic disorders that affect the body's growth, development, and functioning, including disorders of the pancreas, ovaries and testes ... (2nd ed.). Detroit,, MI: Omnigraphics.
Triglycerides are a main source of energy for humans, which are storage molecules composed of fatty acids that may undergo fatty acid beta-oxidation when in need of energy (D. R. de Assis et al, 2003). Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD deficiency) is the most commonly diagnosed mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation disorder that prevents fatty acid conversion to energy (Rinaldo et al., 2002). MCAD deficiency is caused by mutations in the gene coding for the MCAD enzyme, and the disorder occurs in 1 of every 17,000 people, with the highest frequency in Northern European populations (Kompare & Rizzo, 2008; Rinaldo et al., 2002). Individuals are often diagnosed using genetic and molecular testing by looking at DNA, as well as the contents of urine samples (Matern & Rinaldo, 2012 ). Newborn screening may help identify affected individuals before the onset of symptoms and take preventative measures against this disorder (Kompare & Rizzo, 2008).
*A history of frequent, acute, and severe metabolic complications (hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis) requiring medical attention
Metabolic syndrome is described to be a cluster of metabolic risk factors that combines together to create a single individual health issue. The individual factors that combined to create this issue are insulin resistance, hypertension which is a form of high blood pressure, cholesterol abnormalities, impaired glucose tolerance, the tendency to develop fat around the abdomen and an increased risk for clotting. The metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease are very close related. This syndrome is considered to be a risk factor for several cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes that arises due to insulin resistance and an abnormal function and pattern of body fat. Insulin resistance refers to the diminished ability of cells to respond to the action of insulin in promoting the transport of the sugar glucose, from blood into muscles and other tissues. Metabolic syndrome is also known as syndrome X or the dysmetabolic syndrome and people who are overweight or obese all fall at the highest risk for this syndrome. (Medicine.net, 1)
Genetics play a significant role in obesity, since they increase a persons risk of gaining weight or developing excessive eating habits. “In a study of 226 families by Plymouth's Peninsula Medical School, researchers found that obese mothers were 10 times more likely to have obese daughters and for fathers and sons, there was a six-fold rise” (Medindia, 2009). The obesi...
Heart failure is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes too weak to maintain an adequate cardiac output to meet the body’s oxygen demands (Wilmore, et al., 2008). Hypertension is a sustained condition when the blood pressure exceeds 140/90 mm Hg. It is estimated that about thirty percent of people ages fifty and over have hypertension. Type II diabetes is considered a milder form of diabetes and is characterized by impaired insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or excessive glucose output from the liver (Wilmore, et al., 2008). The consequences of uncontrolled and untreated Type II diabetes, however, are the just as serious as those for Type I. This form is also called noninsulin-dependent diabetes, a term that is somewhat misleading. Many people with Type II diabetes can control the condition with diet and oral medications, however, insulin injections are sometimes necessary if treatment with diet and oral medication is not working. Gallbladder diseases from obesity mainly consist of Cholecystitis which is inflammation of the gallbladder. Osteoarthritis is a progressive disorder of the joints caused by gr...
Genetics plays a major role in obesity; inherited genes sometimes contribute to the accumulation of fat in the body. Over 200 genes have effect on the weight having repercussions from physical activity, food choices and metabolism. Therefore, genes may increase the vulnerability of a person to become obese. Family eating patterns and social tendencies can also trigger obesity. Moreover, environmental circumstances such as availability of food high in calories and fat and the increase of the portions and combination selections in meals contribute to the development of fat accumulated for years in the body (Whitney & Rolfes, 2011, pg. 277).
...e importance of taking nutritious foods and multivitamins, try to stop drinking coffee for two or three days. Eating regular well balanced meals. Avoid fast-food lifestyle that can cause great fluctuation in blood sugar. Lastly, the patient will be able to describe the benefits of regular exercise and how regular exercise can improve blood glucose control. They should know the importance of relaxation and exercises, deep breathing which are popular ways to relieve stress and to avoid strenuous physical activity. Meditations, yoga are good ways of relieving stress.
Heart disease and obesity goes hand in hand. There is much more of a common occurrence for people who are overweight will more and li...
...al conditions of cardiovascular disease that have been linked to obesity, including strokes, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. All of these conditions can be improved or prevented by the individual losing ten percent of their body weight. Physical activity also plays a crucial role in cardiovascular disease. Studies have shown that the greater the amount of physical activity, the less the chance for developing cardiovascular disease, even when other factors, such as Framingham’s scale, are accounted for. Regarding future research, a study further researching genetic and environmental links to cardiovascular disease would provide helpful information. Also, research studying the effects of physical activity after the onset of cardiovascular disease could be beneficial to determine if physical activity can improve patients’ conditions.
To sum it all up, all these conditions have been the result of a sedentary lifestyle which is the most important factor that determines your overall health. These conditions that have plagued my family could have been prevented by living an active lifestyle and eating better. This goes for the rest of the United States, considering that more than one-third of adults are obese. (Win) Not only that, but 1 in 5 will die from obesity related conditions. This cost us over $190 billion every year to help treat these conditions. (Win) Furthermore, the rise of fast food has attributed to these numbers alongside being inactive. Personally, I believe educating on health and fitness is the best way to lower these numbers. Once someone steps down this road it is difficult to get back so it is important to help prevent it before it begins.
When researching the relation between obesity and genes, researchers often question if it is one gene or influenced by many genes. In the research that discovered the FTO gene it would appear that obesity is linked to one gene. Variation of the FTO gene affects one in six of the population. Individuals with the...
Many factors including genetics, lifestyle, environment, and mental health can lead to this chronic disease. Obesity is a major feature in several syndromes, such as Prader-Willi syndrome which is a rare genetic disorder causing excessive feel of hunger and therefore overeating. By examine certain genetic patterns studies have also found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese (webmedcenteral). Although genetics does play a role in obtaining this ...
There is no one way, or miracle cure, to control these factors, but common sense, as well as modern medicine, tells us how. Simply stop smoking, eat foods lower in cholesterol, lower your blood pressure with a healthy diet and a lower salt intake (this will also control obesity), and use daily exercise routines to help prevent disease.However, as easy as it is to prevent disease using these simple techniques, it is also recommended to visit a doctor regularly to detect disease early in its preclinic...