2.12.1 Wax Description:
Wax is composed of high molecular weight paraffins and asphaltenes. At reservoir temperature (70 – 150oC and pressure (50 – 100MPa), wax molecules are dissolved in the crude oil. However, as the crude oil flows through a subsea pipeline the temperature resting on the ocean floor at a temperature of 4oC, the temperature of the oil eventually decreases below its cloud point temperature (or wax appearance temperature, WAT) because of the heat losses to the environment. The solubility of wax decreases remarkably as the temperature decreases. At this particular condition wax molecules start to precipitate out of the crude oil (Lee, 2008). Wax is mostly found as a white, odourless, tasteless, waxy solid with a typical melting point between about 47oC and 64oC (116.6oF to 147.2oF), and having a density of around 0.856g/cm3 (Kaye and Laby, 2010). They are mainly long-chain alkanes with 20 to 50 carbon atoms, but also contain minor quantities of branched and
…show more content…
The fact that solubility of high molecular weight paraffins decreases drastically with decreasing temperature, leads to the formation of stable wax crystals at low temperatures. The wax particles start appearing in the crude oil, when the oil temperature drop below its solubility limit (Kelechukwu and Md Yassin, 2008) that is the wax appearance temperature (cloud point temperature). A typical wax precipitation curve shows the amount of paraffin wax precipitated from condensate, as illustrated in Figure 2.22. It depends on the extent to which the paraffin wax mixture is cooled down below the WAT. In crude oil and condensates, wax precipitation depends on its solubility. The heaviest waxes are least soluble and they precipitate first and upon further cooling, the lighter ones
Fig. 2(A) shows the phase diagrams of IPM, water, and surfactant mixtures at the ratios of 60:40, 65:35, and 70:30 (v/v), respectively. Fig. 2(B) shows the phase diagrams of ethyl oleate, water, and surfactant mixtures at ratios of 90:10, 95:5 and 100:0, respectively. Filled circles mean self-emulsifying points, and black areas represent the self-emulsifying regions. In other area, the compositions showed inverted emulsion, gel-like form, or phase-separation. In general, when the oil content in the oil and surfactant mixtures is ≤30%, the condition of the mixtures changed from water-in-oil emulsion to a clear gel-like form and then to microemulsion. Otherwise, the dispersions showed phase separation, this result was similar to the results previously studied by Guo et al. [16]. Our finding showed that IPM + surfactant mixture (65:35, v/v) and ethyl oleate + surfactant mixture (90:10, v/v) showed the most self-emulsifying regions (Fig. 2). Overall, in contrast to IPM + surfactant mixture (65:35, v/v), ethyl oleate + surfactant mixture (90:10, v/v) showed finer emulsion in larger self-emulsifying range. These results indicate that ethyl oleate and Tween 80:Carbitol (90:10, v/v) were identified as the optimal oil
Olefin/paraffin separation is very difficult to achieve because the molecules are similar in size and volatility. The relative volatility of propylene and propane mixture is 1.1 and that of ethylene and ethane is 1.5. Traditional
The diluted bitumen found in tar sands, turns out to be the heaviest, thickest crude oil used today. The reason is so uncommon and concerning to environmentalists is because of the extra amount of energy needed to extract the oil-sands crude compared to regular oil. In summary about the use of diluted bitumen, “The U.S. refineries that process it will produce higher levels of pollutants that damage human health and lead to more smog, haze and acid rain” (Weeks par. 24). Even though the acidic crude oil that comes from tar sands allows the resulting combination to flow more easily through the pipeline, it can result in pipeline corrosion, making it more vulnerable to leaks (Guarino 3). Another concern with leaks affecting other areas, is that it will create a high concern of a potential diluted bitumen oil spill faster than average crude oil, which will sink quicker into the porous soil along its route and contaminate the state’s vital groundwater aquifer (Clayton
Welcome to the 60’s, a time of sky-high hairdos, colorful clothing and jivin’ music. But beyond all the glitz and glamour of the era, segregation and discrimination is ever present in the city of Baltimore, until one big girl with even bigger ideas challenges the norm. In an infectious production of “Hairspray,” Thomas S. Wootton High School had the audience tapping their toes and moving to the beat all evening.
The two dominant physical properties of oil and gas that enhance their movement through subsurface substance are their relative immiscibility in water and their lower density than water which causes their buoyancy. Buoyancy of the hydrocarbons occurs because of differences in densities of respective fluids while transcend via the oil and gas reservoir is a stimuli which creates differential pressures that exist in a reservoir bed.
Oil is a significant, non renewable resource that is found underground and extracted through technological processes (Grubb). Consumption rates of the substance have never been higher. Oil remains to this day a vital aspect of production in industries like plastics, fertilizers, and asphalt. World oil consumption presently rests around 83 million barrels per day (...
From reading Timothy Rice’s book, I have many new outlooks on how my group project should be approached. It is important for all of the members of the group to keep an open mind to the various cultures that music can come from and how it is best to convey and give credit to their origins. This will be especially important with the Henebry wax cylinders as we must keep in mind what time frame they were created in, their purpose during their time of use, and also to give credit to those who allowed us to view them. It will also be important for us to promote the wax cylinders in an appropriate manner which will be accepted by those who have connections with the wax cylinders in UCC, aswell as those who preserve them.
Once extracted from the earth, crude oil must be refined to become useful. Crude oil contains over 500 hundred hydrocarbons plus many other elements and additives that are all combined into one product. The refining process separates and groups these hydrocarbons together to make things that are of value to us such as gasoline and diesel fuel, waxes, asphalts, household fuel oil, industrial lubricating oils, greases and other petrochemicals.
On April 20, 2010, the Macondo wellhead BP pipe leaked crude oil and gas on the ocean floor into the Gulf of Mexico 42 miles off the Louisiana coast (Gulf Oil Spill). This oil spill is known as the largest spill in U.S. history. The pipe was located 5,000 feet underwater where there are temperatures just above freezing and extremely high pressures (Gulf Oil Spill). Oil spewed from this pipe non-stop for 87 days (Gulf Oil Spill). About twenty percent of it ended up on the ocean floor or on the surface (Gulf Oil Spill). Since it’s hydrophobic, the oil on the surface spreads out and forms slicks. These slicks greatly affect ecosystems and animals. The oil that didn’t end up on the floor or surface hovered in the middle of the ocean, forming layers of oil (Gulf Oil Spill). All 200 million gallons of crude oil mixed throughout the ocean and affected coastal and deep-sea sediments (Gulf Oil Spill). Although the pipe was capped on July 15, 2010 (Gulf Oil Spill), much of the oil still remains on the Gulf floor today.
...nerated and replaced by fat. Recently, specific compounds in the oil have been identified, they produce regeneration that is even more amazing than that produced by the oil itself. (Gerras, 1056)
There are many causes to petroleum in b the oceanic environment. Oil naturally seeps into the ocean but the natural concentrations have been greatly exceeded. Shipping oil from one place to another contributes the most to oil in the ocean. The crude oil from transportation b is discarded into the ocean while cleaning bilges, which are the lowest compartment in ships, and transferring oil from tank to tank at sea. “Disasters like shipwrecks, oil tanker accidents, and offshore oil rigs fires continue to this problem, as does the disposal of urban garbage into oceans, dumping of waste oil by passing ships, commercial coastal and off-shore entertainment, and deep-sea industrial and nuclear waste dumps”(“Marine Water Quality”). Another large polluter is the oil industry. Tanker ports and refineries are located by the coast for shipping purposes. The coastal areas receive considerable damage from the spills. “Large numbers of seabirds are killed annually, their oil-matted plumage making flight impossible and exposing them to hypothermia. Oil-soaked fur of marine mammals loses its water repellency, also leading to death by hypothermia. Ingestion of oil by fishes, birds, and mammals may also result in death”(“Marine Pollution”). Another source of petroleum pollution is from the city streets. Oil runoff from urban streets and sewers enter waterways and the ocean. Oil has a very long term ecological impact on the ocean and the marine ecosystems. “The presence of oil in marine waters severely degrades water quality by clogging an animal’s feeding - structure, killing larvae, and blocking available sunlight for photosynthesis”(“Marine Water Quality”). Petroleum pollution has been a large problem for a very long period of time. “As early as 197p, oceanographic ecologists noted that they could rarely pull a net through the surface of the ocean without collecting some form of tar or
Ingredients and formula for super fast ,all temp, racing ski wax:(1) 5 lbs of paraffin wax(I use a 160 degree melt temperature wax)
" Oil is the life blood of our modern industrial society. It fuels the machines and lubricates the wheels of the world’s production. But when that vital resource is out of control, it can destroy marine life and devastate the environment and economy of an entire region…. The plain facts are that the technology of oil-- its extraction, its transport, its refinery and use-- has outpaced laws to control that technology and prevent oil from polluting the environment…" (Max, 1969). Oil in its many forms has become one of the necessities of modern industrial life. Under control, and serving its intended purpose, oil is efficient, versatile, and productive. On the other hand, when oil becomes out of control, it can be one of the most devastating substances in the environment. When spilled in water, it spreads for miles around leaving a black memory behind (Stanley, 1969).
With the molecules being spread out when they are hot, there are less of the molecules in one sample, when a sample is pulled. With fewer molecules in a certain area, this causes that area to weigh less (source 1). By weighing less, that mixture is able to move easier through different substances. For example, by the oil being heated and the food coloring being in the oil and water, the oil and food coloring are both able to “mingle” with each other (source 2). This contributes to the substance resembling “lava” in the lava lamp. The oil starts off being heavier than the water in the bottle, so when heat is added, the oil and water are able to move together in sync. With the water and the oil mixing with each other, the food coloring moves with the water and oil (source 2).
Melting takes place when a solid gets enough energy to melt. When it gets enough energy it is called the melting point. An example of melting would be snow turning into water. The reverse of the melting process is called freezing. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid ice when the molecules lose a lot of energy. When a solid goes to a gas and skips the liquid, sublimation occurs. The best example of sublimation would be dry ice. Deposition is when a gas goes directly to a solid without going through the liquid phase. An example of deposition is when water vaper turns to tiny crystals.